Artificial Intelligence :: essays research papers

The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent machines, may be found in Greek mythology. Intelligent artifacts come on in literature since then, with real (and fraudulent) mechanical devices actually demonstrating behaviour with some degree of intelligence. After modern computers became available following World War II, it has kick the bucket possible to create programs that perform difficult intellectual tasks. Even more importantly, general purpose methods and tools have been created that allow similar tasks to be performed.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Good Places to pull up stakesA Brief History of Artificial Intelligence. By Bruce Buchanan, University Professor Emeritus, University of Pittsburgh. A chronology of significant events in the history of AI, prepared for the Introduction to AI class at the University of Pittsburgh. Note We have begun to annotate his history by providing links to resources in AI TOPIC S and elsewhere.The Big Picture - A Short History of Robotics and Thinking Machines. Part of the dogma guide for the Scientific American Frontiers in the classroom series ROBOTS ALIVEAIs Greatest Trends and Controversies. Marti A. Hearst and Haym Hirsh, Editors. IEEE Intelligent Systems (January/February 2000). A timely and thought provoking collection of views from AI scholars and practitioners. (Also available in pdf.)A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and C.E. Shannon. August 31, 1955. "We propose that a 2 month, 10 human beings study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that both aspect of learning or each other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." And this marks the debut of t he term "artificial intelligence."Also see this interview with John McCarthy. The very primaeval days. An interview (available in PDF, Quicktime, and Realmedia) with Donald Michie, Professor Emeritus at the University of Edinburgh, and currently a visitor at NSW University of Technology. "Interested in AI from 1942, Donald Michie conceived, founded and directed the UKs first AI laboratory at Edinburgh, and has since been active in AI projects around the World. ... His talk will cover the period from 1942, when Alan Turing was a colleague at Bletchley Park, up to 1965, when the Edinburgh AI laboratory was truly launched. He will cover the theories, the practice, the personalities and the politics, and on past form may be expected to do so without pulling any punches.

Character Personality Types in Pride and Prejudice Essay example -- Li

pridefulness and Prejudice was written by Jane Austin and published in 1813. Since its publication, Pride and Prejudice has remained a hugely popular book with multiple film adaptations. The success of Pride and Prejudice can be attributed to many pointors such as its idyllic setting, the strained vision between the two main characters and the witty dialog. However, the relatability of the characters and the abundance of personality types reflected in modern society have made Pride and Prejudice one of the some loved books of all time. We can use the Jung theory on personality types to classify each character. Jung states my first concern must be with the two global types I have termed introverted and extraverted. But, in addition, I shall also try to give a certain characterization of those special types whose particularity is due to the fact that his most differentiated function plays the principal role in an individuals adaptation or orientation to life. (Jung)Just and intr overt and extrovert are opposites of each other(a), the other types that make up a person personality are also opposite each other. This is best explained on the Meyer-Briggs Foundations website which describes four dichotomies. Introvert and extrovert are the first set of dichotomies, followed by sensing and intuition, thinking and feeling, and judging and perceiving. The combination of these characteristics make up ones personality type. (Myers and Briggs Foundation) By using Jungs theories we can analyze each character and identify what it is that makes the character relatable.Elizabeth is strong willed and knows what she wants. A stile-jumper by conviction as well as instinct, she not nevertheless flouts convention, she holds it up for deliberate mock... ...xperienced an abundance of success and will continue to delight readers for years to come because of it relatable characters.Works CitedAustin, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London Egerton, 1813. Print.Deresiewicz, William. Community and Cognition in Pride and Prejudice. ELH (1997) 503-535. Web.Ewin, R. E. Pride, Prejudice and Shyness. Philosophy (1990) 137-154.Jung, C. G. Psycological Types. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1976. Web. 11 December 2011. .Morgan, Susan. Intelligence in Pride and Prejudice. Modern Philology (1975) 54-68.Myers and Briggs Foundation. MBTI Basics. 2003. Web. 11 December 2011. .Sherry, James. Pride and Prejudice The Limits of Society. Studies in English Literature (1979) 609-622. Web.

How American are American Samoans? :: History Samoans Samoan Essays

How American are American Samoans? Since the 19th century, historians have defined three major waves of American immigration particularly from countries in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. In the case of American Samoans, the native population of the United States Territory of American Samoa, emigration from these islands began in the 1950s. However, unlike other ethnic groups, like the Mexicans and Chinese, who were also arriving in the U.S. around the same period, American Samoa was already part of the union for n early(a) 50 years, yet, the natives intrust to migrate to Hawaii and the mainland seemed to surface slowly. Although explanations for this delay in the movement of American Samoans are complex, historians have argued that besides the growth in curiosity and adventure of the right(prenominal) world, American Samoans were forced to leave their homes because they simply had no other alternative to choose from. With the involvement of the United States, especially that of the U.S. Navy, the Samoans grew dependent on the resources, protection, and economic prosperity that the American foreigners introduced and continued to provide from the time of the cession of the islands in 1900. When the U.S. naval base, which was established in Pago Pago, the current capital city, was relocated to Hawaii in the early 1950s, work in American Samoa was limited and the natives were not willing nor prepared to return to farm and agricultural work. As migration to the mainland became more appealing to the islanders, their American Samoan status as U.S. Nationals was, (and continues to be to this day), confusing and somewhat contradictory to the policies of American citizenship. As American Samoans have discovered, U.S. Nationals are granted privileges such as first appearance to the United States. However, American citizenship is not part of the package, which greatly limits the political voice of these natives. To understand the disrupted social, political, and e conomic state in which the American government left field American Samoa with the closing of its naval base, a brief historical overview of the Samoan archipelago is necessary, which will discuss the appeal of the islands and its location to foreign powers, U.S. diplomacy, and the push and pull for migration to the U.S. mainland. Samoan people are known for their rich culture and heritage, but the history of their islands is virtually unknown. From 1870 to 1914, countries like Germany, France, the U.

The Influence of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essa

The Influence of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth Dramatic impact is the effect on the audience. Macbeth is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Dramatic influence is the way supernatural has effect upon the characters in the play. In Shakespeares time, most people believed in witches and witchcraft and they were the objects of morbid and fevered fascination. Persecution reached fantastic proportions. Between 1560 and 1602, hundreds of people, mostly women, were convicted as witches and were executed. Although some voices were raised against this superstitious and barbarous persecution, most people had believed in witched. There were hundreds of pamphlets describing the lurid details of witchcraft trials printed. They enjoyed expectant and popular sales, which were the equivalent to our popular newspapers today. Witches were credited with diabolical powers. They could do things like predicting the future, fly , bring on night in daytime, cause fogs and kill animals. They cursed enemies with deadly wasting diseases and induced nightmares and sterility, and could take demonic possession of any individual they chose. Witches could raise evil spirits by concocting a horrible brew with nervous ingredients. Macbeth may have been performed before King James in 1606. King James was very keen on the topic of witches. He did many investigations of witchcraft. A group of witched attempted to kill him once, but their plot was discovered and was taken to trial. There are many events in the play of Macbeth, showing much of outstanding impact on the audience and dramatic influence acted upon the... ... revenge for his family. Shakespeare tries to create a supernatural atmosphere by the language he uses. Certain manner of speaking recur throughout Macbeth, creating meaning, atmosphere and significance. For example the words, blood, fear, and sleep. The use of words like this repetitively, creates tension, and a dark, spooky and dramatic atmosphere. Characters like Macbeth and Lady Macbeth had spoken soliloquies, which reveals to the audience their versed thoughts and motives. Macbeth often thinks aloud, about half his lines seem to be spoken to himself. This use of him thinking aloud is very essential to the audience, as the audience needs the companionship of how he feels after acting upon something. For example, he had felt bad after killing Duncan, and he had kept killing because he did not want to meet what he had gained.

Women and the Glass Ceiling :: Women, Corporations, Oorganizations

The drinking glass ceiling is an invisible barrier in organizations that prevents many women and minorities from achieving top-level management positions. In 1995, the Glass Ceiling counselling released its jump sketch and found that only 5 percent of the senior-level managers in Fortune 1000 companies be women. This report identified three barriers to the advancement of women and minorities1. social barriers exist that are likely outside the control of business.2.Internal structural barriers are present that are under the direct control of business, including recruitment policies and somatic cultures.3.There are g everywherenmental barriers such as insufficient monitoring and enforcementTaking care of the family is a major reason why women dont advance as fast as men. We dont play golf on Saturday mornings (Diana Bennett, president of D.L. Bennett & Associates). Whereas men may inform every(prenominal)y move up the ladder during a golf game, women are likely to be doing hous e chores and spending time with the kids.Bennett suggests that instead of playing golf on Saturdays, women should join civic, charitable, and business boards in order to work their focal point up. But if youre vent to join a board, be involved, (Business Journal).Avery small number of women believe that the so-called glass ceiling can be broken. One of them is Carly Fiorina who took over Hewlett-Packard, becoming the first women CEO of a Dow 30 firm. She prefers that the focus be on her considerable achievements as an executive with AT&T and not because of her sex. harmonise to an industry panel, the glass ceiling for women in banking remains, but is weakening. Indeed there is a glass ceiling in a lot of companies still, state Judith Dunn Fisher, who broke by April 1 when she was promoted to chief financial officer at Huntington Bancshares Inc. The fact is that just recently the value of women and their ability to contribute to a alliance is being recognized. A study discovered that for women, software engineering is ace of the best fields to be in, as the demand greatly outweighs the supply. So if one has the ability to class and keep up with technology, theres no glass ceiling, said Huey-shin Yuan, a principal engineer in the software development at caboodle View-based Consilium Inc. The study besides stated that women in engineering earn slightly more than their male colleagues, but women make only about 5 to 6 percent of all employed engineers.KeyCorp executive Karen R. Haefling agrees that there is a glass ceiling, but urges women to be more assertive in seeking out opportunities to embodiment their resumes.Women and the Glass Ceiling Women, Corporations, OorganizationsThe glass ceiling is an invisible barrier in organizations that prevents many women and minorities from achieving top-level management positions. In 1995, the Glass Ceiling Commission released its first report and found that only 5 percent of the senior-level managers in Fortune 1000 companies are women. This report identified three barriers to the advancement of women and minorities1.Societal barriers exist that are likely outside the control of business.2.Internal structural barriers are present that are under the direct control of business, including recruitment policies and corporate cultures.3.There are governmental barriers such as insufficient monitoring and enforcementTaking care of the family is a major reason why women dont advance as fast as men. We dont play golf on Saturday mornings (Diana Bennett, president of D.L. Bennett & Associates). Whereas men may informally move up the ladder during a golf game, women are likely to be doing house chores and spending time with the kids.Bennett suggests that instead of playing golf on Saturdays, women should join civic, charitable, and business boards in order to work their way up. But if youre going to join a board, be involved, (Business Journal).Avery small number of women believe that the so-called g lass ceiling can be broken. One of them is Carly Fiorina who took over Hewlett-Packard, becoming the first women CEO of a Dow 30 firm. She prefers that the focus be on her considerable achievements as an executive with AT&T and not because of her sex.According to an industry panel, the glass ceiling for women in banking remains, but is weakening. Indeed there is a glass ceiling in a lot of companies still, said Judith Dunn Fisher, who broke through April 1 when she was promoted to chief financial officer at Huntington Bancshares Inc. The fact is that just recently the value of women and their ability to contribute to a company is being recognized. A study discovered that for women, software engineering is one of the best fields to be in, as the demand greatly outweighs the supply. So if one has the ability to program and keep up with technology, theres no glass ceiling, said Huey-shin Yuan, a principal engineer in the software development at Mountain View-based Consilium Inc. The st udy also stated that women in engineering earn slightly more than their male colleagues, but women make only about 5 to 6 percent of all employed engineers.KeyCorp executive Karen R. Haefling agrees that there is a glass ceiling, but urges women to be more assertive in seeking out opportunities to build their resumes.

Scientific Revolution Dbq

*The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries brings to mind ample scientists like Galileo who dedicated themselves to math and science in methodicalness to help human learning. Advances were made in chemistry, astronomy, math, and even more branches of science by these men. However, they were not the ones whose ideals were able to change that of the people in charge, i. e. , the Pope and the muscular rulers of that time.Without those people, the ideas of the scientists would never have been accepted by the general public. The thoughts of those people such as ghostlike figures, philosophers, and even men working in the state were those that just about helped to push the scientific revolution forward, because they broke boundaries and changed the way even society itself reacted to new ideas and developments. **The year 1554 was one of the first years that a free judgment came into the picture.John Calvin, a french Protestant theologian, disagreed with the fact that the study of astronomy should be outlawed by the Church, saying, This study should not be prohibited, nor this science condemned, because some sick persons boldly reject whatever is unknown to them, (doc. 2). He had even formed his own religions, to become known later as Calvinism, because he so disagreed with the Church. honest a few years earlier, Polish priest and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus had agreed in a more mild way, saying, The learned and unlearned alike may carry out that I shrink from no criticism, (doc. ) meaning that he would continue his studies no matter what others told him. Both these religious men, though in different religions, thought the same thing about the fact that knowledge and learning should have no boundaries. Galileo himself was living proof of what these two men atomic number 18 discussing his books were banned by the Church and put under house arrest for the last years of his life because his teachings disagreed with the Church.People all ove r the world, including people within the Church like Copernicus, began to see that the Church was conflicting with the opportunity to discover many new things. **Many philosophers had the same ideas about learning and the fact that it must be expanded. Francis Bacon, as slope philosopher of science, said that the true and lawful goal of science is this that human knowledge be endowed with new discoveries and powers, (doc. 4). He believed that learning new things was absolutely needful to all of mankind itself.Another philosopher that was way ahead of her time was Margaret Cavendish, an English internal philosopher. She said, Were it allowable for our sex, I might set up my own school of natural philosophy, (doc. 9). Though it would be many years before this would actually happen Cavendish, like these other men, trusted to open peoples eyes up to new possibilities. She in addition wanted them to accept scientists, though she was speaking of the female gender. Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, talks not about how the Church would limit knowledge, but how the state itself would.He believes that, because geometry does not appear to matter to people because it has nothing to do with ambition, lust or profit, people will mostly leave it alone. But, he says that if some geometry postulate or theorem would conflict with the interest of those who rule, he knows that it would be suppressed, (doc. 7). Hobbes believes wholeheartedly that any king or queen would censor new discoveries should they not be want they want their people to know. *Despite Hobbes views, there were some people involved in the state who tried to encourage scientists to gather their knowledge together. Henry Oldenburg, secretary of the English Royal Society, had wanted scientists to all come together as a community. He said, Friendship should be spread through the world of learning, and established among those whose minds are above partisan zeal because of their devotion to truth and human welfare, (doc. 6).Oldenburg believed that communities of learning would greatly benefit the world at that time, and all of mankind to come. Jean Baptiste Colbert, French finance minister under Louis XIV, wrote a letter saying how the state also must allow arts and sciences to flourish, and that he has been persuaded to establish many scientific academies to help science prosper (doc. 11). This can be shown being put into action a few years later, with a drawing of all the great minds and projects at work in the French Royal Academy, a place where learning could flourish (doc. 0). **Free thinkers of the Scientific Revolution such as religious men, philosophers, and statesmen, despite the fact that they were not considered scientists, made the most important contributions in these time periods. Though they did not actually change the way the people viewed the physiologic world like some scientists, they changed the way the people of that time period thought. These were the people th at opened their eyes so that they could see the new discoveries made by scientists. These were the

Confidentiality and Informed Consent

In the article by Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson, we learn that Informed hold and confidentiality. A somebody should be informed of their right to confidentiality and the treatment they are consenting to in the therapeutic relationship. This study Is signifi pharisaismly Important because we are shown that there has been not precise much previous research done on how good we manage consent, how Informed the patient Is, how honest they are, and what they actually know to the highest degree the policies of the provider. Professionals in numerous settings create and utilize very ifferent techniques of informed consent and confidentiality.In professions where professionals constantly see people who are troubled. who see the everlasting devastation of grief, pain, and the disparities of people in situations that they cant change, it can be very taxing and wearing on even the most seasoned professional person, but do we actually communicate well to the patient that they view as rights? In the article, we see that so many patients are so desperate to receive care that they Instantly Just sign papers so that the can see the psychologist.If a patient Is that esperate, how do we know that cordial health professionals are performing to their maximum standards of Informing the patient about their care standards and things like who has the appropriate access to their medical information? We, as way psychology graduate students and professionals alike, have a strong moral and honest responsibility to ourselves, our colleagues. and our lymph nodes to make sure that we provide appropriate documentation, informing the patients clearly of their rights and responsibilities, so that we do not potentially negatively affect the lives of other eople.In the article by Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson, In the four themes that emerge, being referred the participants feelings, mental health difficulties, and their Impact relationships with workers and carers and autonom y (Martindale et al, p. 355), we see that many clients have concerns about continuing care. I ring the most difficult and problematic Issue to handle there Is the patients mental health and stability. In chapter 5 of the textbook, the ACA Code of Ethics, Section 8. 5. on informed consent states Responsibility to Clients.When counseling minor clients or adult clients who lack the capacity to give voluntary, Informed consent, counselors protect he confidentiality of information received in the counseling relationship as specified by federal and state laws, written policies, and applicable ethical standards. (Welfel, 2012, p. 142). It is the professional responsibility of the provider to be aware that the client has good mental standing to be able to know their rights. However, how dowe know upon first seeing the client that they are In a good mental standing to be completely informed? This puts providers in a tough situation.What happens to the clients they counsel who never know of their consent rights and their confidentiality? How can we test for that if it we have no idea if the client is being honest with us? How do we know the frequency of occurrence? How do we know It Is not happening all the cadence? That Is why It is absolutely imperative to have open and t Of2 nonest communlcatlons wlt n tne cllent as oTten as posslDle. As graduate students, It is important for us to foster a supportive working relationship with our advisor, so hat we are absolutely sure the client is informed about what comes next in their therapy process.What if clients are in addition scared to ask how many sessions they have left? What if they are a yes person and cant say no to more or less treatment options? What if they have concerns but are too scared to ask about what is upcoming? I have personally seen a therapist who, after every session, had me exact out a questionnaire about my ability to see things clearly in the session if I understood what my objectives were, if I u nderstood her clearly, and if there was anything I was ersonally hesitating to share or anything that bothered me about our last session.This was extremely problematic for me because I always answered no problems with last session for fear that I would queer my provider or that she would then bring up the issue that I had experienced a problem with. I always felt uncomfortable, but proceed to answer the questionnaires and continue care anyway because I needed it. In Martindale, Chambers, and Thompsons article, there are some limitations to the study. Primarily collected data were from mainly unclouded omen.There seemed to be no measure of marginalized communities, under represented populations, or any data from the people who seem to struggle the most people needing critical care. How would social minorities respond to a provider who may not understand their cultural differences? How do we make sure those people are being informed befittingly? What about marginalized communitie s who are in crisis and need care? How do we handle special situations appropriately? What about people who cant consent to appropriate care guidelines?

Discuss the drawback of the jury system as it is implemented in the UK

IntroductionA venire in the UK gener every dwell(predicate)y consists of 12 randomly selected lay people that subscribe to been sworn conduct an impartial verdict as to whether a defendant is abominable or not guilty in a criminal foot race. The objective of the control board administration is to impart a just and fair outcome that could not otherwise be achieved by judges alone (Lesser, 2010 12). It is believed that if judges acted alone, the decision would be a prejudicial, which would create unfairness. The human rights of the individual c erstrned would also be violated (Human Rights ferment 1998, natural endowment effect to the European Convention on Human Rights 1951). The most import concept of having a juror give a verdict is that juries may crystallise a defendant in situations where a guilty verdict is demanded by the law (Elliott and Quinn, 2010 233). An example of this quite a little be seen in the case of R v Wang 2005 UKHL 9 where it was made clear by the House of Lords that a judge can never instruct a venire to convict a defendant. The dialog box agreement is therefore considered an important part of the confidence society has in the criminal justice system. The Juries Act 1974 is the main governing legislation that regulates the jury system by signifying what persons ar eligible for jury service as well as making provision for the right to challenge jurors. The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 is also capable of restricting the role of the jury by imposing further limitations on the eligibility criteria and by allowing trial by judge alone in certain circumstances. Whether these limitations are necessary is arguable, but it has been verbalize that the jury is an outmoded institution that needs to be reformed. In light of this, the drawbacks to the jury system in the UK depart be discussed in this study.Trial by juryThe jury system in the UK is highly controversial because on the one hand, juries are considered to provide im portant protection for citizens (Gastil et al 2002 585), whilst on the other they are considered to be costly, time consuming and unable to deal effectively with complex cases (Gastil and Weiser, 2006 6). In addition, it has also been said that the jury system in the UK is outmoded and ineffective and that it should be abolished (Baksi, 2014 1). Essentially, because juries are not being used as frequently as they once were, it is questionable whether they are in situation still needed (Zander, 2007 157). In the majority of instances, a jury is not needed as a defendant result withdraw submitted a guilty plea, only in those instances where a not guilty plea has been entered, it has been said that juries are essential in ensuring that a fair trial is provided to the defendant under Article 6 of the ECHR and in the interests of justice. This was recognised by Thomas and Balmer when it was pointed out that there is an ancient right for an accuse to be tried only by the lawful judgem ent of his equals or by the law of the land and even though there is no mod constitutional right to trial by jury in England and Wales, governments have found the public extremely un go forthing to sanction further restrictions to jury trials (2007 1). This highlights the meaning of jury trials and whilst there are many drawbacks, it is widely accepted that juries help to maintain justice. Conversely, it is believed by some that jury trials should be eradicated on the basis that they are largely ineffective on the basis that judges have a strong play over the outcome of the trial (Stone and Dennis, 2003 2).This was identified by Sanders and one-year-old when it was evidenced that even though it is left to the jury to decide, beyond reasonable doubt, whether or not a defendant is guilty, judges often exert a strong influence on the outcome and are far from being the passive impartial referee as depicted in adversarial theory(2006 496). Because of the influence judges exert over j uries, it seems as though the jury system is a waste of time and expense. Further much, because juries do not have to give a reason for their decision, it is difficult to tell whether a just decision has been provided anyway as the decision may not be based upon their own findings and may instead be based on the judges influence. In view of this, the Auld Report found that many contributors have suggested that the system may not, as a matter of English law, withstand a challenge, that the unreasoned jury verdict violates article 6. It is questionable whether this does violate article 6, all the same it was made clear in Condron v UK (2000) 31 EHRR 1 that it is not. Therefore, even though jurors do not have to provide a reason for decisions reached, it is said that a fair trial is still being provided. This does not seem fair, since a violation of Article 6 would be found if a judge failed to provide a reason, yet this is not the case for jurors. As stressed by Doran trial by jury o ccupies a pivotal yet paradoxical position at the sum of the English criminal justice system (2002 379). Arguably, it is clear from this that many do actually favour jury trials and are of the view that an effective justice system is being attained.However, because jury trials are not used in serious and complex fraud trials, it is arguable whether jurors are well equipped to deal with all other trials. The inability of jurors to deal with such cases was introduced by the CJA 2003 and emerged from the Jubilee Line Jurors 2007 Crim LR 255 case. Here. jurors suffered serious personal difficulties because of the complexity of the issues at hand (Lloyd-Bostock 2007 1). In cases such as this, it is more desirable for a judge-only trial to be conducted, yet it could be said that this should apply to all trials and not just those that have a complex nature. Moreover, the fact that trial by jury has been abandoned in other jurisdictions seems to demonstrate that the jury service is unwork able and ineffective. This has exemplified by Laville (2010 1) who put forward that in the last 400 years, trials without juries have taken place in Northern Ireland, where the Diplock courts were set up to provide justice in the intimidating atmosphere of the Troubles. Consequently, it could be said that Northern Ireland are aware of the difficulties and uncertainties of jury trials and have therefore made the decision to abandoning them. Juries were also discarded in Germany on the 4th January 1924 when it became apparent that wickedness frequently occurred as a matter of jury trials. This was identified by Herzog when it was noted that since 1924 jury trials have been abolished in Germany and there are no signs of a renaissance of lay participation and jury trial in the German criminal justice system (2012 1). It is arguable whether this demonstrates the ineffectiveness of jury systems but it is unvarnished that the Germans do not agree with them.Jury trials were also abandone d in India following the case of K.M. Nanavati v separate of Maharashtra 1962 Suppl 1 SCR 567 where it became clear that jurors decisions were capable of being influenced by the media and the public. As put by Debroy the Nanavati case was responsible for abolition of jury trials in India and it was the last trial by jury (2009 1). It was also identified by Debroy that there is a correlation in India between the abolishment of jury trials and the prolonging of cases (2009 2). In view of this, it cannot be said that jury trials should be completely abolished in the UK as cases may actually be prolonged as a result and there are various safeguards that have been implemented so as to ensure juries are not being influenced by the media and the public (Rackstraw, 2008 726). Therefore, whilst jury systems do create difficulties, it cannot be said that they should be completely discarded as a result as they are still considered a vital part of the justice system. Furthermore, if jury trial s were abolished it is likely that this would result in prolonged trials as is the case in India. Furthermore, judges would also be capable of producing prejudicial decisions, which would ultimately contravene Article 6 of the ECHR which provides for a defendants rights to a fair trial. In a study that was conducted by Sturcke, it was found that two in three jurors did not fully understand the legal directions and that more than one in 10 jurors carried out their own investigations online about a case (2010 1). This study was based on 69,000 cases over a two-year period, which highlights the injustices that can actually be caused by a jury trial. This seems to provide a strong argument as to why jury trials should be abolished, however problems will still be caused by judge alone trials. In effect, it appears as though there ought to be a balance so that juries do remain, yet where cases are likely to be prejudiced a judge alone trial should be conducted. Essentially, this is what s eems to be happening at present as jury trials are being discarded in serious and complex fraud cases, yet whether this scope should be broadened to allow for their elimination in other cases is likely. This will ensure that juries are maintained, on the one hand, whilst also enabling them to be discarded in cases which would be difficult for them to cope with. Whether this means that there will be an effective jury system in place, is however arguable.ConclusionOverall, there are many underlying difficulties which emerge from a trial by jury, yet it cannot be said that they should be completely eradicated. This is because judge alone trials will also have many drawbacks, which demonstrates the need for the jury system to be maintained. In order to prevent unfair outcomes from being produced, it is therefore necessary that a balance is attained which could be achieved by removing juries from serious and complex cases and those which would have a damaging effect on their ability to c ope.ReferencingBaksi, C., (2014) Bias has significant effect on verdicts, jury research says The righteousness Society Gazette, ready(prenominal) Online at http//www.lawgazette.co.uk/practice/bias-has-significant-effect-on-verdicts-jury-research-says/5039295.article 23 April, 2014.Debroy, B. Nanavati and Jury Trials, Law Resource India, (2009), Available Online at http//indialawyers.wordpress.com/2009/12/26/nanavati-and-jury-trials/ 23 April, 2014.Doran, S McConville, M. and Wilson, G. The Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process, OUP Oxford, 1st Edition, (2002), p. 379.Elliott, C. and Quinn, F. (2010) English wakeless System, Longman, 11th Edition.Gastil, J., and Weiser, P., (2006) Jury Service as an Invitation to Citizenship Accessing the Civic Value of Institutionalised Deliberation Legal Studies Research Paper, 06-32.Gastil, J., Deess, E., and Weiser, P., (2002) Civic Awakening in the Jury direction A Test of the Connection between Jury Deliberation and Political Participati on Journal of Politics, Volume 64, No. 2, 585-595.Herzog, F. Philosophical and Social View of the Jury Could it Have a Renaissance in Germany(2012) Available Online at www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=RIDP_721_0553 23 April, 2014.Laville, S. Heathrow Robbery Trial Breaks with 400 Year Tradition of Trial by Jury, The Guardian, (10 January, 2010), Available Online at http//www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jan/10/heathrow-robbery-trial-jury-twomey 23 April, 2014.Lesser, M. A. (2010) The Historical Development of the Jury System, Kessinger Publishing London.Lloyd-Bostock, S. The Jubilee Line Jurors does their experience strengthen the argument for judge-only trial in long and complex fraud casesCriminal Law Review, Crim L.R. 255, (2007).Rackstraw, M., (2008) In the Balance New Law Journal, Volume 158, Issue 7322.Sanders, A. and Young, R. Criminal Justice, OUP Oxford, 3rd Edition, (2006).Stone, J., and Dennis, R., (2003) Race and Ethnicity Comparative and Theoretical Approaches, 1-7.Stur ke, J. Jurors struggle to understand judges, study finds, The Guardian, (17 February, 2010), Available Online at http//www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/feb/17/jurors-judges-legal-advice-report 23 April, 2014.The Auld Report, Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales, Chapter 5, Juries, Available Online at http//www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk/ccr-05.htm 23 April, 2014.Thomas, C. and Balmer, N. Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System, The Ministry of Justice Research Series 2/07, (June, 2007), Available Online at http//www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/JuriesReport2-07-webVersion.pdf 23 April, 2014.Zander, M., (2007) a Touch of Bias New Law Journal, Volume 157, Issue 7295.CasesCondron v UK (2000) 31 EHRR 1Jubilee LineK.M. Nanavati v State of Maharashtra 1959

Progressive Taxation

Progressive impose revenue incomeation rates be unethical and bespeak to be changed. The media likes to say the rich need to pay their fair sh be and I entrust show that if everyone paid the same percentage of their income without whole the loopholes the current appraise dodge has the government would be better off. This is an ethical issue that needs to be addressed by our current and future leaders to help bear away the trimordinary amount of debt our country currently has to reimburse. Utilitarianism is that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness 1.It also involves the happiness of the agent of the action but also that of everyone affected by it. This would lead the current arranging of modernised levy revenue since those involved in creating the current taxation system believe it is fair to all involved. The poor would see the rich pay a high percentage of their income to fund the government a nd the items that they provide. Unfortunately this country has been victimisation this type of taxation and now it has a tremendous debt to repay. So our current taxation system must non be working if we are not taking in the amount needed to pay our yearly government expenses.Relativism is the belief that everyone has their own version of the solution to the problem. It is also a concept that states points save no truth or validity, but only a subjective value 2. The discussion of progressive taxation is not one that many masses want to change. Everyone that thinks a fair taxation of a prone percentage is afraid it will not promote happiness among those that would have an increase in taxes. This theory would hold us to give the chance to try a flat tax to see if indeed it would increase the income this country generates along with removing tax loop holes allowing some people to avoid paying what they should.My view is much of the relativism type of view. I believe that for o ur country to avoid a horrible fiscal crisis we must try to generate more income and everyone must pay their fair share which would be of an equal percentage of their income. Progression has beenin use somewhere in the world for thousands of years. It is safe to say the debate on its merits goes back at least that far. At the present most nations employ some variation of progressive taxation. The first time there was a federal income tax it was imposed in 1861 as a means of financing the Civil War.The tax rates were decreased after the war and the income tax was allowed to expire in 1872. The concept of an income tax was controversial so when a new income tax was levied in 1894 it was challenged in the courts. In 1895 it was found to be unconstitutional. It was not until 1913, with the ratification of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, that the first constitutionally sanctioned income tax was enacted. The first income tax was a progressive tax 3. Today, we the Statesns are pay ing the highest taxes in our nations history. The current tax system is complex and includes several inequities.It penalizes those who are married by making them pay higher taxes than single individuals. Many Ameri fundaments face a death tax that will claim a large portion of their estate after they die. We need to tolerate rid of our confusing, unfair tax economic system and replace it with a simple flat tax with one rate with no deductions or peculiar(a) pursuance loopholes 4. The overly complicated tax commandment creates an unnecessary burden on all Americans, with an annual compliance cost estimated to be $365 billion. The extensive nine meg plus word document is complex and unfair.It inhibits saving, investment, and creating jobs along with imposing a heavy burden on American families. At the same time, the tax recruit reduces economic growth. The code is so complex with all of the deductions, credits, and other preferences added to the tax code by the special interes t lobbyists. It is because of these loopholes, taxpayers with similar incomes can end up paying different amounts in taxes. This uneven treatment of taxpayers is fundamentally unethical and is not part of the American value of equality under the law.The tax code should be replaced with a new code that is simple to understand, has low rates, that is flat and fair. The new flat tax as outlined in Heritages Saving the American Dream plan, would replace the current tax system with a simple tax system that would allow America to achieve its skilful economic potential 5. It has to be honest in order to help promote economic growth. It will do this while removing disparities in the tax code at the same time. The existing tax system is wrong, especially in its complication and its decrease of our economic audacity.The tax system is complex and it is forced upon all taxpayers. The low income must journey thru the extremely ticklish to understand Earned Income Credit. Those who can save som e money must overcome the loss of assertion and go through the hassle of trying to understand the tax rates and manage the different forms of saving. Businesses investing in new equipment must pay extra to get equity capital and must then overcome the tax hurdles added on their vested interests. This results in a deranged tax system which results in a much smaller thrift. The need for tax reform is clear.The tax reform proposals such as the traditional flat tax would only bring in part of the problem by regenerating or changing the federal individual and corporate income taxes. A new flat tax would replace income taxes, as well as the death tax, payroll taxes and all tariffs not set aside for a trust fund. Under a flat tax taxpayers will handle a single tax. The design of a flat tax is because of the need for a more rational tax system. Unavoidable high tax rates combined with unethical rules have altered the economic decisions of businesses and families. This leaves the economy in a complete weaker position by these perversions.We need a stronger economy and that is the goal of a flat tax. It would obtain this goal by achieving an economically neutral tax base and by lowering the tax rates. The amount of taxation and the degree of redistribution are questions that will need to be answered and be separate from the primary question of taxation. Simulations have suggested a flat tax would meet this mental testing of generating enough revenue and would leave the allotment of the federal tax load fundamentally unchanged. A better economy would create more jobs, increased wages and greater economic safeness.The economy has enjoyed economic growth in recent decades along with too many recessions and high unemployment. While this has been happening China and India are regularly gaining strength, and America must act to match their rise. Tax reform would be a good place to start in gaining and advance Americas economic strength for the years ahead. The federal ta x code is very complicated and hard for most to understand. Thanks to personal computers and tax software package it has created an issue with policymakers in Washington to create tax complexities that tax professionals can have issues understanding.There are too many credits, exemptions and deductions and many of them are subject to special rules and only are allowed at certain amounts of income. With all of this complexness individual taxpayers suffer minor compared to the outrageous rules and exceptions businesses suffer thru. As bad as the complexity is the drain on the economic system by our federal tax system is worse. High tax rates have discouraged all levels of amentaceous activity. Our corporate income tax rate is almost the highest in the industrialized world and higher than the average of our international competitors. The economy is further decreased y the existents systems impulse to overtax saving which means people are discouraged from saving enough for their retir ement and for the large investments. This steers consumers toward debt and everyone towards an abbreviated economic security. These reactions will lead to a depressed level of national savings which will lower investment opportunities. The federal tax system should not be this hard to understand and damaging to the U. S. economy. It is this way because for many decades Congresses have twisted the system often creating two new issues while trying to solve one issue.The income tax has turned to be a bad decision from its outset. After many Congresses it continues to get worse without any exceptions. A stronger economy would be a brisk role in advancing the federal finances. This would create better levels of tax revenue and create less flattening needs for the unemployed. A strong economy offers increased wages and increased job opportunities to the citizens of our tax base. This would create less poverty and with less poverty comes fewer demands for welfare. A flat tax would be a c omplete reform of the entire federal tax system as with most previous tax reform proposals.The flat tax can be started as a single tax plan or as part of a more complete rewriting of our governments federal fiscal policy. A flat tax would offer astounding understanding for individuals and businesses. It would create much greater clarity so that we taxpayers would be more convinced the taxes that are paid are in close to the amount of their neighbors. It will also allow taxpayers to be more informed about the be of running our government. The flat tax will free the potential for the American economy to grow without being burdened by high tax rates.American taxpayers spend an average of 26. 5 hours processing and preparing their tax returns 6. However companies and wealthy people hire teams of professionals to play the system. How is that fair? A flat tax treats everybody the same. You dont have to worry about missing deductions that the other guy is taking. Other countries in the wo rld have adopted the flat tax, even former communist countries. Why cant the United States? Those other countries have understood that a flat tax reduces the incentive to play the system.Because of its simplicity and low tax rate, a flat tax encourages people to stop cheating and honestly report their income. They can be assured that both the rich and the poor are paying the same rates and taking the same deductions. We save time and money and make our country more competitive in the world. A flat tax would replace our existing tax system with a very simple single rate system that would only tax individuals incomes only once, offers businesses with an economical investment-friendly tax, and replace all federal income taxes along with payroll taxes.This will prove that progressive taxation rates need to be eliminated to allow for a fair and balanced tax rate that all Americans can feel is fair. We do not need to be overtaxed, but equally taxed. We need to save our country from bankr uptcy and save it so our childrens children will have a place to call home. We need to keep America the great country in the world without having the future generations force to pay even higher taxes because our government officials cant stop spending the money they do not have to spend. 1 www. utilitarianism. com Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato. stanford. edu 3 Hoover Institution, Stanford University, www. hoover. org/publications/policy-review/article/72291 4 Freedom Works, www. freedomworks. org/issues/flat-tax 5 The Heritage Foundation, www. heritage. org/research/factsheets/2012/01/the-new-flat-tax-encourages-growth-and-job-creation 6 David Keating, A impose Trend The Rise in Complexity, Forms, and Paperwork Burdens (National Taxpayers Union, April 18, 2011), 13. Available at http//www. ntu. org/news-and-issues/taxes/tax-reform/ntupp130. html (April 20, 2012)

Coca-Cola Management Strategy

Assessment 1 Case Study Report of Coca Cola family Hang LU S81293 executive Summary The Coca-Cola Company (NYSEKO) is the worlds largest b invariablyage companionship, largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non-alcoholic boozing abbreviates and syrups in the world and is one of the largest corporations in the United States. The company is best known for its flagship harvest-feast Coca-Cola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The Coca-Cola formula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892.Besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage, Coca-Cola currently offers nearly four hundred brands in oer 200 countries or territories and serves 1. 6 billion servings each day. 4 The company operates a franchised distribution system dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate which is thus sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The Coca-Cola Compa ny is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA and S 500. Its current chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent.CONTENTS Introduction Company Background c atomic number 18 and imaging Goals The competitory Advantage of Coca-Cola Brands Five Forces Analysis Intensity of the competitive Forces Generic Business Strategy Conclusion Introduction Coca-Cola has sold more than one billion servings every day. More than 10,450 beverages are consumed every second. It is present on all seven continents and is recognised by 94% of the world population. Coca-Cola grow from its humble roots as a home-brewed Georgia-based patent medicine to be the international leisurely crispen powerhouse today.Coca-Cola used many technologies to achieve its rise to the top of the touchy drink pains, defining new technologies and establishing paradigms that popped the status quo homogeneous a cap from a soda bottle. Through technology, Coca-Cola perfected blow as a beve rage and spread it throughout the world. Even today, the US soft drink industry is organized on this principle. The Coca-Cola Company is now the largest soft drink company in the world with crops that include Coca- Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, and Fanta etc.. It is employing about 71,000 hoi polloi ecumenical in over 200 countries.Coke produces about 400 brands consisting of over 2. 600 beverage products, such as water, juice and juice drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, teas, and coffees. Coke products are distributed though restaurants, grocery market, street vendors, and others, all of which sell to the end users consumers, who consume in excess of 1. 4 billion servings daily. Company Background The Coca-Cola Company is now the largest soft drink company in the world. Coca- Cola became the largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups which operate in more than 200 countries.Coca- Cola was invented on whitethorn 1886 by Dr. Joh n Stith Pemberton in Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia. The name Coca-Cola was suggested by Pembertons book-keeper, Frank Robinson. He penned the name Coca-Cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Vision & Mission Coca-Cola has been marketed with catching marketing themes such as Drink Coca- Cola and Delicious and Refreshing. After years of globalization and brand building, Coca-Cola proudly pronounces its Mission Statement The Coca-Cola Company exists to benefit and refresh everyone who is touched by our business.And their goals The basic proposition of our business is simple, solid and timeless(prenominal). When we bring refreshment, harbor, joy and fun to our stakeholders, then we successfully nurture and protect our brands, particularly Coca-Cola. That is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business. Indeed, it was Coca-colas mission our people and our promise mainly focuses in Coca-Cola world i s to celebrate, refresh, strengthen and protect.Coca-Cola feels that they should offer a soft-drink to the entire global community, which is environmentally safe and accepted. The companys mission is directed towards its soft drink business and the strategy counsel changes that will be forthcoming. Coca-Cola appeals to the long term interests of stakeholders particularly roleowners, employees and customers. This helps to support the local populations by offering job opportunities, and it in like manner helps out the local and global economies in which the employees live.Woodruffs vision that coca-cola to be placed at bottom arms reach of desire came true from the mid 1940s until 1960, the number of countries with bottling operations nearly doubled. It is so feasible that the company can reasonably expect to achieve in due time. Coca-Cola strives to find new innovations to better its products and to stay a step ahead of its competitors as what is mentioned in the mission the acti on we will take. This is a key element in the companys drive to be number one in the industry.Also it is unceasingly looking for improvements in everything that it does, both in the production and the manner in which the company is run daily. Goals That combination infuses all the elements of the strategy that we are implementing to deliver value to our share owners in the year to come, and well into the future a) Accelerate carbonated soft-drink fruit, led by Coca-Cola b) Selectively broaden our family of beverage brands to drive profitable outgrowth c) Grow system profitability and capability together with our bottling partners ) Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across all channels e) Direct investments to highest authorisation areas across markets and f) Drive efficiency and constitute-effectiveness everywhere. The Competitive Advantage of Coca-Cola Brands The companys sharp focus on its business to a fault gives it a cost advantage. Althou gh Coke earned less than five cents per 8oz serving last year, it did manage to sell about 380 billion servings That kind of volume has advantages. The Coca-Cola Company has invested in building its trademark for over 113 years.Consumers worldwide recognize the Coca-Cola trademark and icons as symbols of quality and refreshment. Because Coca-Cola is the ideal soft drink that sets the benchmark for consumers expectations, businesses that display and associate with the trademark immediately signal that they are commit to serving the most preferred soft drinks in the industry. The advantages of coca cola in adopting globalization trends are first of all with the economic scale that is larger (talking about the whole entire world instead of one plain, as mass marketing) it help coca cola to actually reduce the cost of producing adjusting to the country where the product is manufactured and price (cutting the cost of transportation, export and import cost as well as tax). It in any c ase helps coca cola to discharge militant advantages of a high quality product. The localize system or management help the company to expand the local network with the value creation functions and also established in low cost markets, instead of the country of origins. They also can down a tight bound of long term tighten with the low cost supplier in each country. Five Forces AnalysisToday, soft drink industry is a very competitive industry to be in. Porters five forces model shows us that there is already a strong barrier to entry established by the usanceal concentrate producers such as Coca-Cola, suppliers bargaining power is strong, buyers power is weak, substitutes for beverage products are soft to produce, and the intensity of competitor is strong since the industry is already facing a slow growth and high industry concentration. Suppliers Bargaining Power Suppliers bargaining power in this beverage industry is strong.For example, the soft drink ingredient producer Nu traSweet who specializes in producing concentrate sweeteners. Since there is a rising concern in health and safety issues in the soft drink drinking within the consumer market, the healthier sweetener, aspartame, that NutraSweet markets allowed it to have a high impact and input on costs of each bottlers product costs. Since NutraSweet was the only marketer that marketed the standard aspartame the costs of using NutraSweets aspartame is relatively high liken to other substitutes such as sugar. Buyers Bargaining Power The Buyers of the soft drink industry are the concentrate bottlers. Bottlers of the soft drink industry have a low bargaining power since they form the largest base (the greatest number) of all the elements of Porters five forces. Most of the bottlers are Coca-Cola owned before 1980, and almost all of them are under some sort of contractual agreement stating that bottlers must accommodate the programs set up by the concentrate producers for the products that they have franchised. High fees are essential of the bottlers re such as high start-up costs ranging from $100,000 to several million dollars, paying for two-third of promotional costs, while costs were typically split fifty dollar bill/fifty for doing consumer promotion and trade. It is also hard for bottlers to identify their own brand identity since their products are made of concentrates and the names that they use are the names of the concentrate manufacturer . Coca-Cola, hence discouraging their own product differentiation. Rivalry Among Competing Sellers There is a strong barrier setup by the traditional concentrate producers.For new rivalry to enter into the market is extremely difficult since the two soft drink giants such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have already created a soft drink tradition and branding. Also since the soft drink giants have already created their bottler network and also owned majority of them, it is even harder for new entrants to be gain an inviolable cost a nd competitive advantage. Governmental policies also create obstacles to the new entrants in the cola industry since the word Coke is strictly mean Coca-cola. Current rivalry within the soft drink industry is mainly evolved around the two giants who are Coca-Cola and PepsiCo.The two giants owned most of the spacing for the vending machines, developed most the flavors for the common products within the market, and occupied most of the soft drink market shares within the industry. They are able to utilize and plane well ahead of other littler companies within the industry. Other smaller firms are mainly there for competition between the two firms. One example would be PepsiCos purchase of Seven-Ups to expand its product line. Once Coca-Cola is aware of PepsiCos expansion, readily they are also willing to purchase Dr Pepper.However since the buyout of Seven-Ups domestic operations was blocked by the Federal Trade, Coca- Cola also dropped its pursuit on Dr Pepper. In the current soft d rink industry, there is a constant battle between Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Substitute Products Threats of substitutes are high since soft drink industry is a highly unstable industry. Switching costs for the consumers are extremely low since the pricing of soft drinks is cheap and consumers taste is ever changing. There is no tradeoff for the consumers to switch to other products so it is easy for consumers to change their loyalties.One example would be the Pepsi Challenge rose by PepsiCo over the states. The challenged had blinded people over the states tasted different brands of soft drinks and found out that majority of them liked Pepsi over Coke, thus PepsiCos Pepsi-Cola was able to gain market share and attracted a larger market share. Potential New Entrants The soft drink industry is an extremely difficult industry to get into. The existing soft drink industry is already dominated by experienced dominant players with over century-long experience, new entrants would have to be truly unique to be able to gain an absolute competitive advantage within this industry.If their products are unique, they would not have to worry about the fear of product substitution. Once the new entrants have gained an absolute advantage within the industry, they would have to deal with the suppliers who may have a strong bargaining power over pricing on the ingredients they expect. Apart from that, they would need buyers, which are bottlers in this case. Once they have a base of bottlers with them, then only they have a chance of success in this industry. Intensity of the Competitive Forces Coca-Cola created a very strong barrier to entry for its competitors.New entry into the market is extremely difficult. The two soft drink giants, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo controlled the whole market. In addition, Coca-Cola has already created its bottler network and also owned majority of them, it is even harder for new entrants to gain an absolute cost and competitive advantage. The threats o f substitutes are high since soft drink industry is a highly unstable industry. Switching costs for the consumers are extremely low and there is no trade-off for the consumers to switch to other products so it is easy for consumers to change their loyalties.Generic Business Strategy In order to gain competitive edge in the consumer market, other than responding quickly to the external forces and its internal environment, Coca-cola also looks into its position within the industry. The generic competitive strategies pursued by Coca-Cola are Low Cost Strategy & Broad Differentiation Strategy Coca-Cola is seen to have active these two competitive strategies Focused Low Cost and Broad Differentiation. The company has chosen to serve the consumer drink market and achieved cost savings by fashion of ) Achieving economies of scale in the mass production of all Coca-Cola products lowers its unit cost. ii) Long learning, knowledge and experience in production and process, as the company exi sted more than a century. iii) Efficiency and effectiveness in manufacturing and distribution network. iv) Sharing of research and development, advertising and promotions cost among the brands carried by Coca-Cola has enabled to achieve economies of scope. Coca-Cola uses Broad Differentiation strategy on the priming coat of i) Offering of wide range of its drink products . round 230 brands are currently being offered in the global market. ii) High brand image and recognition have resulted in superior product perception among consumers. iii) Packaging and bottling . The use of contoured shape bottle and the slim curly font have made Coca-Cola an easily recognized symbol. Conclusion Nowadays, Coca-Cola is not just a brand. Its already a part of peoples life. It leads carbonated soft-drink industry growth. The company is monopolize the beverage market over a century. However, People are becoming increasingly health conscious, this has led to a decrease in the consumption of soft drink .It is the well-favored challenge for coca-cola company in the future. References 1. Board of Directors Elects Muhtar Kent Chairman. The Coca-Cola Company. April 23, 2009. http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/presscenter/nr_20090423_muhtar_kent. html. Retrieved 2009-05-02. 2. Coca-Cola Products New Coca-Cola Products, Brands of Beverages & More 3. 2009 Form 10-K Annual Report. Form 10-K. The Coca-Cola Company. 2009. http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/form_10K_2008. html. Retrieved 2009-08-31. 4. Cola Wars Five ForcesAnalysis October 18, 2007

Married Lifestyle vs. Single Lifestyle Essay

There are advantages and disadvantages to being married or genius. rough married couples share every aspect of their lives including, work, children and marital related issues while some may opt to rich person a joint bank line . While this may help each spouse financially, one person always has to consent with the other before making any serious purchases. However, single wad dont need anyones consent nor do they gain to share. Children are another thing married couples and single people urinate to consider.Having children can be a great thing, especially with someone there to help share the responsibility of raising those children. Whereas, single people may lastly struggle with things such as, child care, the cost of raising a child on their avouch, and being the responsible party. Goals are also a big factor, because some married couples have a hard time agreeing on or reaching common closes. A single person is only responsible for their own goals and how they choose to reach them. Over time, the passion may seem to cool in married couples. The couple may not be as informally active as they once were due to the routine each lives. They may be busy with work or kids, or unfortunately, simply desensitized to one another. some married couples work on keeping their sex life interest.On the other hand, it isnt hard for a single person to keep things interesting and new in the bedroom, because they may have as many sexual partners as they please, and this may seem fun. But sometimes, for them the work is finding the right sexual partner. In a marriage, not only could you have sex when you want, but you can enjoy intimacy as well. According to Eve Prajonyud, Single Versus Married Life-Pros and Cons The cons of twain lifestyles differ from person to person. If you are involved in a bad marriage than single life will seem like a pipe dream come true. Likewise, if you are unable to find someone to spend your time with, then you will likely feel lonely a nd frightened no depicted object how successful your life is.The key to weighing the differences is actually in enjoying the lifestyle you have while you have it. (Eve Prajonyud) People living single lifestyles have liberty to do what they want . For instance, if they were offered a well-paying job a thousand miles away from where they lived, they could simply take the job and move without anyone else to consider. Married couples dont have that same option. The goals of married couples and single people may be different. For example, a married couple may be saving up money toward the goal of purchasing a bigger house in the future, for a growing family. They may be working toward a better lifestyle than they started with as a newlywed couple. They might attain a degree together or maybe just save up for a couples vacation .Single people may choose to focus completely on their career, instead of a family. Their main goal may be reaching top status in their profession before focusin g on a family. Their goal may also be to attain a degree, or saving money to run short or buy a house. There may be a difference in the career choices of married and single people. For instance, married couples may have to work around each others schedule and still have time to spend with one another. Single people dont have to worry about that if that happen to have a job or career that is very time consuming. Both lifestyles can be intriguing in many different ways. Whether its children, sharing, or setting individual or marital goals.Works CitedPrajonyud, E. Single Versus Married Life. Retrieved on April 1, 2013 from www.professorshouse.com.

Clinical Decision Making Skills for the Integrated Worker Essay

This assignment will define and analyse the get hold of for a chosen answer value inwardly the pathway of noetic substantiallyness, as well as evaluating the suggested emolument. Demonstrating how this service foundation inform and benefit incorporated practice, discussing the ways in which the agencys statutory obligations and responsibilities impact on both individual and group decision making. The chosen service improvement for this assignment is the introduction of a cordial wellness nurse into primary handle services, for example, a GP Surgery. Focusing on service users with psychogenic wellness issues in the connection and therefore in the c atomic number 18 of the local Primary veneration Trust (PCT). in that location is an obvious pauperism for movement towards better wellness and well-disposed direction for individuals with intellectual wellness unwellnessinesses in primary business organisation.No Health without psychogenic Health A Guide for General Practice ( subdivision of Health, DoH, 2012, online), sets out what General Practitioners (GPs) can do to improve psychical wellness and enhance rush and supporting offered to those with amiable wellness conditions in the confederation. This document also states that one in four GP consultations account for psychological health problems (DoH, 2012, pg8, online). Treatments for those with noetic health issues cost the NHS in the United Kingdom approximately 105 Billion per year (DoH, 2012, pg8, online). Primary dread plays a polar character in caring for those with psychic health illnesses in the community and in to the highest degree cases this falls into the responsibility of the local GP surgeries.Therefore GPs are ideally placed to identify signs of distress and those with risk factors for poor affable health (NHS Confederation, 2011, online). Primary do interpretrs, more specifically GPs are usually the primary point of call for an individual experiencing many form of psychological distress (DoH, 2012, pg13, online). It is essential there is early recognition and meanral to any specialist mental health services required, saving time, money and individual distress in the long-run.An area which remains problematic is the treatment of physical health feel for needs for those with mental health illnesses. Research continues tohighlight that the physical health of those with mental illnesses is frequently poor and nation with long-term physical conditions experience higher levels of mental health issues (Nash, 2010, pg2). It is ironic that a great deal of the research carried out is with individuals that are currently in contact with either health or social care services (Nash, 2010, pg2). This issue could be tackled indoors primary care services, as GPs eespecially can treat the whole mortal linking quite a than separating physical and mental health (Knapp, 2011, pg3, online).Professionals within the primary care sector could experienc e problems when trying to identify their role in relation to meeting the health needs of those with mental health issues, as well as offering interventions and support to those identified as high risk of developing mental health problems, such as, individuals with long-tem physical conditions (Nash, 2012, pg 10). Yamey (1999) found that a number of patients had actually been removed from GP registers at around point prior to aditing secondary mental health services. This causes suspicion that some mental health illnesses could be construed as a reason for world excluded from GP surgeries (Yamey, 1999). MIND (1996) carried out a survey which also showed that a oversized majority of individuals felt they had been treated unfairly by their GP due to their mental illness.This could be a consequence of lack of understanding and minimal study in the area of mental health in the primary care sector. Although this research is dated, it is relevant as Government white papers and initia tives currently being introduced are still recommending that more specialised training in mental health is required for schoolmasters throughout the primary care sector. Each of the initiatives head toward better interconnected deforms and lower hospital admissions due to deteriorating mental health by providing early access to services and early recognition of mental health issues in primary care. This highlights the importance of the chosen service improvement, non only for individuals with mental health issues but for those at risk of developing mental illness and the NHS as a whole.These recommendations are lay in No Health without psychological Health A Guide for General Practice (DoH, 2012, online), The NHS Outcomes Frame wee-wee 2012/13 (DoH, 2011, online), and numerous early(a)s. It remains clear that professionals within the primary care sector are notreceiving adequate training in mental health care. They do not have sufficient knowledge of mental health and many d o not possess the general skills required day to day when working with mental health service users (DoH, 2012, pg5, online). This is supported by close Medical Practice (2006),(General Medical Council, GMC) which sets out the principle guidance for GPs offers no mention of individuals with mental health issues, suggesting that this document is based solely on the general population and does not taking into account the differing needs of those with mental health issues.A computer program that was introduced in Wales in 2011 adds Mental Health First Aid Training to a large group of service rearrs including primary care. It teaches them to provide initial support to someone experiencing mental health problems, deal with a crisis situation or the first signs of someone developing mental ill health and scat people towards appropriate help (MIND 2011, online). This shows some progress towards increasing knowledge and awareness of mental health illnesses in a wider range of healthca re providers.There is say to show that in GP practices without mental health professionals, brief training for primary care providers have substantial benefits for patients who are mentally ill (Ross et al, 2001). This supports the need for specialist training and the chosen service improvement, as a mental health nurse in a GP operating theatre would be specially trained to work with individuals with mental health illnesses and would have an awareness of the difficulties service users may face when accessing services.There are many aspects that could present a bar to mental health service users when accessing services. Communication difficulties can cause problems for individuals with mental health issues as they may not feel able to make themselves unsounded by healthcare professionals. They may suffer anxiety or panic disorders making it more difficult to communicate effectively. One of the most problematic areas in mental health and for those suffering mental health illness es is stigma (Nash, 2010, pg10). Discrimination is not just confined to the general population as research has shown that healthcare professionals can hold stereotypical views towards their clients (Nash, 2010, pg10). This could prevent individuals from seek help and support for both physical and mental health problems.Some service userswith mental health issues may have previously experienced some form of dissimilitude and had a negative experience when accessing primary care services. For example, experiences involving reception staff with knotty attitudes or individuals being made to believe the physical symptoms they are experiencing are part of their mental illness (Nash, 2012, pg12). This shows that individuals with mental health issues suffer from in par and discrimination regarding their healthcare reinforcing the need for improved access to primary care services. Previous negative experiences can cause individuals to hero-worship returning causing them to avoid seeking help for a physical condition. get aheadmore, if a person believes the may be mentally ill, they may avoid accessing any kind of support as they fear being labelled and discriminated against due to the stigma attached to having a mental health illness. Employing a mental health nurse in a GP surgery can bring services closer to eliminating barriers between primary care services and mental health, modify the healthcare of those in the general community suffering from some sort of mental illness.The proposed service improvement supports the need for reducing health inequalities and barriers to those with mental health issues wishing to access services. Barriers to healthcare specifically Primary care services can include communication difficulties, lack of understanding from both service user and professional perspective and there may be inadequate support available to mental health service users when accessing their local GP surgeries. GPs may lack the interpersonal skills required to manage some symptoms of mental illnesses. Such as inappropriate sexualised behaviour that can be expressed during psychotic episode (Norman & Ryrie, 2009, pg711).The professional may feel un golden and abash when examining an individual and unaware of how best to deal with this situation.Symptoms of mental illnesses can themselves often prevent individuals with a barrier to accessing services. An individual suffering depression will most likely lack motivation and volition (Norman & Ryrie, 2009, pg429) making it extremely difficult for them to self-refer or even care slightly their mental and/or physical health. Further supporting the need for the chosen service improvement as families, carers and friends of such individuals could support them in attending their local GP surgery enabling them to access specialist help at an initial stage of their illness. It may be necessary for a mental health nurse in a GPsurgery to be advertised as individuals cannot access services if they are unaware they exist. Booklets and leaflets could be made available to raise awareness of mental health issues and the support available to individuals, their friends and families informing the community that specialist help is available first hand within their local GP surgery.An other(a) barrier that is present in the provision of care by primary services and GP surgeries is the use of the medical model. The health professionals within a GP surgery engage a medical approach when treating their patients. This aims to treat the medical illness and reduce the total number or patients attending the surgery. Although this is necessary within a GP surgery setting there remains a need to consider social factors when adopting the medical approach (Barbour, 1995, pg2). There are limitations when using the medical model, moreover as it can prevent healthcare professionals from treating patients individually in a person centred manner, treating only the obvious medical condition (Barbou r, 1995, pg10). This could have a proficient detrimental effect on an individuals health and well-being, resulting in increased appointments with their GP causing more distress and prolonging their suffering.This in turn increases the likelihood of an individual requiring crisis intervention and ultimately costs the NHS more in the long-run (Norman & Ryrie, 2009, pg172). The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCPG) Roadmap (2007) document supports the need for adopting a model in which health and social care needs are considered in general practice (RCPG, 2007, pg1). There has been confusion around which professionals role it is to provide physical health care to the mental health population for many years (Phelan et al, 2001). Government constitution recognises the importance in considering physical health care needs of those with mental health illnesses in both primary and secondary care settings (Newell & Gournay, 2009, pg 322).General practice has transformed significantl y over the past decade and current government policy is aiming to improve access to and the choice of services available to patients, expanding the role of a GP and improve quality of care overall (Gregory, 2009, Pg3, online). Government policy is utilise in the structure of clinical judicature and is important inhighlighting improvements that are required in a wide range of services within the NHS including mental health and primary care (NHS Direct, 2011, pg12, online). Clinical organization is described as a system in which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services (Scally & Donaldson, 1998, online). It is a framework that retards professionals continuously develop and improve the quality of the services they provide. Clinical organisation involves the research and development, risk management, promotion of openness, learning and training for staff, clinical effectiveness and clinical auditing of services within the NHS.It is extremely important that high quality care is provided in healthcare and clinical governance ensures professionals are individually accountable for the quality of care they provide (South Tees NHS Trust, 2013, online). Buetow and Roland (1999, pg184, online) suggest there is a barrier between managerial, organisational and clinical approaches to quality of care denoting that the aim of clinical governance is to bridge the apparent gap by allowing all professionals within an organisation involvement and freedom from the domination of managerialism (Buetow & Roland, 1999, pg189, online). Although this suggests the aim is to promote equality throughout organisations when it comes to quality of care. There remains a need for one individual or a small group of people to accept the role and responsibility and puzzle the clinical governance lead or team (Buetow & Roland, 1999, pg189, online).In a primary care setting such as a GP surgery this would entail being responsible for a large n umber of professionals who may have had little reason to communicate with each other previously. This could cause conflict within an organisations culture if the quality of care professionals provide is questioned. The discussion section of Health (2008) stated the current system of NHS primary care does not ensure a consistent level of safety and represents insufficient quality across the country.Resulting in GPs becoming required to hold a indorse which is reviewed and renewed every five years and to register with the Care Quality Commission (CQC) from 2011 (GMC, 2009, online). This ensures up to date practice, competence and assures the provision of quality care. Clinical governance enables services to show how targets have been met within their organisation and how they meet the needs of their patients, supporting the decisions made by professionals and teams within the organisation (Buetow &Roland, 1999, pg187, online).All organisations have what is know as an organisational or agency culture. Agency culture is made up of numerous aspects including, values and beliefs, language and communication, policies and procedures and rituals and routines within an organisation. Each organisation has a wide-ranging culture with a diverse set of beliefs and norms. It could be a result of these norms that staff members may not be willing to embrace change or regaining time to attend extra training for specialist service user groups such as the mental health population. It may reckon that the service gains results and targets are met therefore may not want to change anything. This places organisations at risk of neglecting areas for improvement. shifts within agency culture can become a thought-provoking process especially when there is disruption to traditional working routines (NHS Direct, 2011, online). Staff within a GP surgery may have been led by one individual or a small group of the same GPs for a long period of time and may feel the services they provid e are sufficient.Newly qualified members of staff joining the workforce may feel their opinions and ideas are underappreciated or not even considered because the routines and procedures are already in place. An unwillingness to accept change could have detrimental effects on the mental health service user population. This is reflected in recommendations by government policy. No Health without Mental Health (DoH, 2012, online), Making it Happen (DoH, 2001, online) and Call to wreakion (DoH, 2011, online) each suggest recommendations for primary care services to develop the services provided to those with mental health illnesses and stress the importance of mental health promotion within primary care. The culture within a GP surgery may appear to be more superior to other NHS services as most GP surgeries are independently contracted and are not direct employees of the NHS (Gregory, 2009, pg 8, online). This enables them to provide enhanced services such as extended opening hours and specific services for those with learning difficulties (Gregory, 2009, pg 8, online).The above are components of General Medical Services (GMS) whereas in-person Medical Services (PMS) enable GP surgeries to cater for the specific needs of the local population (Gregory, 2009, pg 5, online). This could include drug and alcohol services or mental health services if there were a large number of the localcommunity presenting to their GP surgery with these issues. The cultures within each of these types of GP surgeries could be different completely. In a PMS GPs could have received specialist training in the areas large numbers of patients require support, resulting in patients feeling more cute and respected as well as staff members. GP surgeries can be seen as providing a gateway to specialist care (Gregory, 2009, pg8, online). This view could be difficult to change. However by offering a wider range of services and treatment options, the gap between primary and secondary services a s well as both an individuals health and social care needs can be filled (Gregory, 2009, pg8, online).This service improvement aims to improve the health and social care needs of individuals with mental health illnesses in the community. However, not only are there barriers in place that service users must overmaster to access primary care services there remains a lack of collaborative working between health and social care services. This has consequences on the service user and other professionals involved in their care denying the individual of adequate holistic care. Professionals from different areas such as nursing and social work may be bound by differing statutory obligations which can affect their decision making and the care they provide. Starting with the professional body they are registered with as a professional such as the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) or the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC), these give professionals a value base they must work from and dev elop continuously.Legislation also has a huge impact on a professionals decision making, for example the Mental Health Act (MHA, 2007). The law determines what a professional can and cannot do in a crisis situation. If a mental health nurse was based in a GP surgery they will have specialist training and awareness of the limits of their role determined by the MHA (2007), such as a patient being sectioned. They will be aware of who to contact if a patient is causing danger to themselves or others and need more suitable mental health care. If the mental health nurse was an Approved Mental Health Practitioner they could even have a role in detaining patients especially if a GP within the surgery was specially trained under the MHA (2007). This would save a lot of time and distress to individuals in crisis, members of the public and staff members.There are other perceptible difference between health and social care and thestandards of care provided. Social work would traditionally take a service-led approach to care whereas nursing has become more person-centred and individualised (SCIE, 2010, online). By using a person-centred approach the specific health and social care needs of patients with mental health issues are intercommunicate (Hall et al, 2010, pg178). The service user is the centre of focus and care and support is planned around their specific needs. This is essential when caring for an individual with mental health issues as each condition, symptom and experience is different. Enabling an individual to be fully involved in every aspect of their care and make fully aware decisions regarding their treatment and social options.Continuity of care and positive therapeutic relationships are essential when making an individual feel valued and at ease, allowing them to feel comfortable and more willing to engage with professionals. An individual with mental health issues may feel anxious about attending their GP surgery and may need motivation or encouragem ent to do so. Having a therapeutic relationship with a particular professional within that surgery could reduce a persons anxiety levels (Kettles et al, 2002, pg64). The chosen service improvement would be useful for this purpose as a mental health nurse based within a GP surgery could build positive relationships with patients enabling them to develop trust and engage with services and professionals.The mental health nurse would also take into account both the health and social care needs of the patients, decreasing the GPs workload and saving the practice money in the long run. They would also ensure the needs of the individual are fully met as satisfactorily as possible within primary care services or id required could refer them to the most suitable services available to them for their condition and needs. Whether they be health or social care needs. However this service improvement would only be successful with the cooperation and collaborationism from GPs within the surgery. Joint decision making would be required as well an equal union between GP and mental health nurse.The Personalisation Agenda (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2010, online) (SCIE) emphasises the need for integrated working, and the need for involvement from a wide range of services, such as health, social care, housing, merchant vessels and leisure, to ensure service users receive aholistic, consistent and continuous care package (SCIE, 2010, online). The service user is put first rather than the service. This creates a person-centred rather than a service-led approach. A priority of the Health and Social Care Bill (2011) is improving integration within services. The Bill strives to provide better partnership, integration and collaboration across the government and all NHS services (DoH, 2011, pg1, online). There is exhibit to suggest that integrating health and social care services saves a substantial hail of money (DoH, 2011, pg2, online). However in the current governmen t climate there are financial pressures which may cause a barrier to effective integrated working (DoH, 2011, pg1, online). All aspects of the patient journey could benefit from effective integrated working resulting in a positive experience and all needs being met.The suggested service improvement of a mental health nurse in a GP surgery supports integration as there would be a variety of professionals within one building making multi-disciplinary team meeting easier to arrange and joint decisions could be made quickly. However there are barriers to integrated working including the breakdown of communication between staff and different organisations having a detrimental effect on patients (Trevithick, 2009, pg123). However by working in partnership there is a reduced need for specialist services ultimately cutting costs and having a positive effect on many other aspects of an organisation. Such as boosting staff moral and enhancing patient experience (Erstroff, 2010).If barriers to integrated working can be overcome more adequate care can be provided overall. A dual qualified practitioner in a GP surgery would be ideal allowing both health and social care needs to be addressed working in partnership with outside agencies and with patients to gain the best results, without the need for two professionals. It has been stated that services need to come across early signs of individual distress by working closely with primary care (Norman & Ryrie, 2009, pg172-173). By integrating the skills required in a mental health nurse and a social worker a more holistic approach can be taken.The introduction of community care impacted on various professions including general practitioners, social workers and nurses (Malin et al, 1999, pg158). Nurses have become increasingly empowered over time and have become more involved in direction alongside GPs. Within General practice more of apurchase/provide relationship has been established (Malin et al, 1999, pg 159). GPs now hav e more power and control with funding and choice in the care they provide. However social workers may have felt deskilled by the purchase/provide divide (Malin et at, 1999, pg 159). The cultures of each professionals organisation could cause conflict among a team. Employing a dual qualified social worker and mental health nurse in a GP surgery would eliminate the chance of conflict. It would become the responsibility of the dual qualified worker and the GP to work in partnership. There is evidence to support the need for the chosen service improvement. Mental health services are improving and developing continuously despite government cuts to funding, reflected in No decisions about us without us (DoH, 2012, pg6, online).The document states that primary care services, specifically GPs who play a part in supporting those with mental health issues are not making a difference to the mental health of their local communities. This creates an opportunity for the role of a mental health nu rse to develop. The Care Services service Partnership (CSIP, 2006) suggest that nurses are capable of delivering services within primary care settings as they have acquired the specialist knowledge to do so (Norman & Ryrie, 2009, pg 651). There is a need to modernise, develop and integrate services, primary care being a target area. The suggested service improvement would be cost effective and would provide early community intervention also lowering individual and family distress. Integrated working is an essential component in developing health and social care services (Trevithick, 2009, pg109).In conclusion there remains a need for improvements in the health care provided by primary care services to those with mental health issues. Statistics show that primary care services are the first point of contact for many individuals developing a physical or psychiatric condition (DoH, 2012, pg 6, online). The introduction of a mental health nurse into a GP surgery promotes integrated pra ctice and modernises NHS services (DoH Factsheet, 2011, pg1, online), enhancing patient experience. There is evidence to show that this is an already effective role.Primary mental health workers have been introduced in Children and Adolescent Mental Health Teams (CAMHS) supporting colleagues in primary care services providing crisis intervention and contacts to specialist services (Norman & Ryrie,2009, pg543). Primary care mental health Graduates have also been implemented in parts of London providing a range of interventions (Norman & Ryrie, 2009, pg 457). The suggested service improvement of a mental health nurse in a GP surgery would benefit the mental health service user population enormously. If the National Service Framework mental health standards (NSF, 2012, online) are to be met mental health promotion within primary care must be a focus (Newell& Gournay, 2009, pg 257).ReferencesBarbour, A. (1995) Caring for Patients A Critique of the Medical Model. California, Sanford Univ ersity Press.Estroff, J. (2010) Effective teamwork Practical lessons from organisational research. London Blackwell Publishing.Hall, A. Wren, M & Kirby, S. (2010) Care planning in mental health Promoting recovery. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford.Kettles, A. Woods, P & Collins, M. (2002) Therapeutic interventions for forensic mental health nurses. London Jessica Kingsley Publications.Malin, N. Manthorpe, J, Race. 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