Internship Report on Meezan Bank Essay Example

Internship Report on Meezan Bank Paper ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Internship training for  the students of Commerce and Business is a complimentary portion of the education,  where students are  put at  various organizations of  their respective  specialization; to see and apply their theoretical knowledge what they have studied dur ing their academic program at the institute. Meezan Bank is one of those organizations where student can achieve his/her academic and  professional knowledge productively. In the preparation of this internship report, I acknowledge the encouragement and assistance given by a number of people from Meezan Bank Ltd. I found every one very co-operative and helpful for providing me the theoretical as well as practical knowledge about the function and operation of the bank. I am heartly grateful to CAD ( Housing) department, Manager CAD The Senior Vice President, Mustafa Mohsin, Assistant Manager Syed Adnan Ali, Officer Aurangzab, Qaiser, Naeem Javed. They have been most supportive people throught my internship. And I want to pay my thanks to Humail Jilani, Sana mehmood, Salman, Kashif, Ali, Rehan, faraz from Car Ijarah. Faraz Ahmed Jalal, Habeeb Siddiqui, Noman Ahmed Akif From Labbaik Laptop. Akrama Farroqi, Salman, Fahad Khan, from Housing. Raza Saeed, Amir, from RMU for their cooperation.. ABSTRACT This report is specially meant for students of commerce. It is concerned to a brief study of the operations, functions, Products and Services of Meezan Bank. Meezan Bank is the largest Islamic Banking Network of pakistan. Islamic banking one of the fastest growing segments of the financial industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Internship Report on Meezan Bank specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internship Report on Meezan Bank specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internship Report on Meezan Bank specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Banks serving the Islamic population must comply with several very specific principles of Islamic law if they hope to retain existing customers and attract new ones. Banks must be ready with specialized products and services and they must put programs in place to train their personnel to support these products and services in order to exist in this competitive marketplace. This Report contains detail of MBL Management structure, products and Functions along with their features. It also includes departmental work in MBL Consumer Head Office. INTRODUCTION OF MEEZAN BANK Meezan Bank Limited, a publicy listed company was incorporated on January 27, 1997 and started its operations as an investment Bank in August that year. In January 2002 Meezan bank was granted as nations full-fledged commercial bank licence as a dedicated Islamic Bank, by The State Bank of Pakistan. Meezan Bank is the first and largest Islamic Bank in Pakistan having a network of over 220 branches in over 60 cities across Pakistan. Meezan Bank offers a complete range of Islamic banking products and services, including free online banking for all Pak Rupee account at all its branches. Meezan Bank today a noteworthy point along with the evaluation of Islamic Banking in pakistan. Meezan Bank  is catering to an increasingly astute and demanding financial consumer who is also becoming keenly aware of Islamic Banking. Meezan Bank bears the critical responsibility of leading the way forward in establishing dynamic and stabled Islamic Banking System. Meezan Bank offereing valuable products and services to its customers without any violation of shariah principles. MISSION VISION STATEMENT OF MEEZAN BANK Vision [pic] |   | | |   | | |Establish Islamic banking as banking of first choice to facilitate the implementation of an equitable| | |economic system, providing a strong foundation for establishing a fair and just society for mankind. | Mission [pic] |   | | |   | | |To be a premier Islamic bank, offering a one-stop shop for innovative   | | |value-added products and services to our customers within the bounds of Shariah, while optimizing | | |the stakehol ders value through an organizational culture based on learning, fairness, respect for | | |individual enterprise and performance. | Service Mission [pic] |   | | |   | | |   | | |To develop a committed service culture which ensures the consistent delivery of our products and | | |services within the highest quality service parameters, promoting Islamic values and ensuring | | |recognition and a quality banking experience to our customers. | SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD MEEZAN BANK The basic principle of Islamic banking follows the laws of Sharia, known as Fiqh al-Muamalat (Islamic rules on transaction). The term â€Å"Islamic banking† is synonymous with â€Å"full-reserve banking† and â€Å"Sharia-compliant banking. † Members of the Shariah Supervisory Board of Meezan Bank are Internationally-renowned scholars, serving on the boards of many Islamic banks operating in different countries. The members of the  Board are: Justice (Retd. ) Muhammad Taqi Usmani ( Chairman) ? Dr. Abdul Sattar Abu Ghuddah ? Sheikh Essam M. Ishaq ? Dr. Muhammad Imran Ashraf Usmani (Shariah Advisor) ? The Board of Directors of Meezan Bank: †¢ H. E. Sheikh Ebrahim Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa  (Chairman) †¢ Mr. Abdullateef A. Al-Asfour †¢ Mr. Rana Ahmed Humayun †¢ Mr. Mohammed Azzaroog Rajab †¢ Mr. Ahmed Abdul Rahim Mohamed †¢ Mr. Alaa A. Al-Sarawi †¢ Mr. Mian Muhammad Younis †¢ Mr. Mohammad Abdul Aleem †¢ Mr. Irfan Siddiqui  (President CEO) †¢ Mr. Ariful Islam  (Chief Operating Officer) MEEZAN BANK SEGMENTS Meezan Bank is managed by a team of professional bankers committed to the cause of Islamic Banking. This single unifying factor unleashes the tremendous power of a dedicated and motivated team committed to fulfilling the Vision and Mission of this Bank. The business segments of the Bank are: †¢ Consumer  Banking †¢ Corporate Banking †¢ Investment Banking †¢ Commercial Banking  (including Small and Medium Enterprises) †¢ Treasury Financial Institutions †¢ Asset Management (managed through a subsidiary Al Meezan Investment Management Ltd. ) PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF MEEZAN BANK Banks that comply with Islamic law are forbidden to charge interest or late payment fees, which is also considered a type of riba. To minimize risk, banks will often require a large down payment on goods and property, or insist upon large collateral. It is lawful for the Bank to charge a higher price for a good if payments are deferred or collected at a later date since it is considered a trade for goods rather than collecting interest. Sharia-complaint banking products include Mudharabah (profit sharing), Wadiah (safekeeping), Musharakah (joint venture), Murabahah (cost plus) and Ijarah (leasing). Another way that banks work within Islamic laws while trying to turn a profit is by buying an item that the customer wants, and then selling the item to the customer at a higher price. Products Of Meezan Bank 1) Car Ijarah [pic] 2) Housing Finance (MUSHARKAH) [pic] 3) Meezan Lap-Top (MUSSAWAMA) [pic] 4) Meezan Labbaik Ummrah [pic] CAR IJARAH (YOUR OWN CAR. QUICK, AFFORDABLE HALAL! ) An Islamic Ijarah is an asset-based contract, i. e. he Lessor should have ownership of the asset during the period of the contract. Under Islamic Shariah, all ownership related rights and liabilities should lie with the owner while all usage-related rights and liabilities should lie with the user. A conventional lease contract does not distinguish between the nature of these liabilities and places all liabilities on the user of the asset, contradictory to Islamic Shariah. Under Car Ijarah in Meezan Bank, all ownership-related risks lie with the Bank while all usage related risks lie with the user, thus making the Lessor the true owner of the asset and making the income generated through the contract permissible (Halal) for the Bank. MODES OF CAR IJARAH There are two separate entities in Car ijarah. 1) INDIVIDUAL Salaried individuals, With necasary documents and conditions can apply for Car Ijarah Facility. 2) CORPORATE †¢ SME’S Small Business Entities. SME’s are legal entities that work on small basis. Sole Propritership Partnership having less than 50 Million current assets are called SME’s. †¢ COMMERCIAL To lie in Commercial Entities, A firm must have sales of 300 millions above 50 million current assets. †¢ CORPORATE Corporate are those Entities having above 700 millions sales. Mostly the Companies registered under companies Ordinance are corporate firm. Tenure:3 to 5 years Security Deposit:0 to 50% ( 0% S. D is not for Individual Clients, because due to State Bank regulations relaxation can be given to Corprates. ) Key Features of Car Ijarah †¢ Low monthly rental. †¢ Rental paid after delivery, not in advanced. †¢ Fastest processing and delivery. †¢ Tracker option available. †¢ Minimum security deposit. †¢ All new, used, local, imported and luxury vehicles can be financed Additional Car Ijarah features are; †¢ Continuation Of Lease Rentals In Case Of Total Loss Or Theft Of Vehicle If the leased vehicle is stolen or completely destroyed, the conventional leasing company continues charging the lease rent till the settlement of the Insurance claim. Under the Islamic system, rent is consideration for usage of the leased asset, and if the asset has been stolen or destroyed, the concept of rental becomes void. As such, in the above-mentioned eventualities, Meezan bank does not charge the lease rental. †¢ Takaful Instead of Insurance Legally (in accordance to Pakistan’s Law and Regulations), it is required for all leasing entities to insure the leased assets. As such, Meezan Bank insures its leased assets. Meezan Bank insured its assets through Takaful only, which is Islamic product for insurance. The Islamic Insurance Companies in transactions with Meezan Bank are Pak Kuwait Takaful Pak Qatar Takaful. †¢ Permissibility for Penalty of Late Payment of Rent under Islamic Shariah In most contemporary financial leases, an extra monetary amount is charged, in their income, if the rent is not paid on time. This extra amount is the considered as Riba and is Haram. Under Ijarah, the Lessee may be asked to undertake, that if he fails to pay rent on its due date, he will pay certain amount to a charity, which will be administered through the Islamic Bank. For this purpose the bank maintains a charity fund. 2) Easy Home Importance of Halal home finance Owning your own home is one of lifes most important achievements. It represents your security, stability, and is a great blessing in itself. It provides that all-important safety and comfort for you and your loved ones. However, in todays often unpredictable and costly environment, saving the required money can take a lifetime in itself. Rising property prices, taxes, inflation, currency devaluation†¦ its all a very hard bargain. On the other hand, owning your own home and paying an easy installment that takes you step by step towards complete ownership, is so much better than paying a rent which ultimately only adds to your expenses. Added to that is your desire to stay away from interest based financing and be totally Riba-Free, thus  achieving that inner satisfaction and peace of mind you desire so much. Why not have the best of both worlds? Isnt that what you are working so hard for anyway First complete Islamic Home Finance facility in Pakistan! Easy Home is comprehensive, affordable, and totally hassle-free. For at Meezan Bank, people are committed to meeting customers needs, in| |a truly Shariah-compliant manner coupled with dedicated service excellence. | |Islamic Financing on a Dimin ishing Musharakah basis | |With  Easy Home  customer participate with Meezan Bank in a joint ownership of property, where the Bank will provide a certain amount of | |financing usually up to 85%. They agree to a monthly payment to the Bank of which a component is for the use of the home (rent), and | |another for equity share. In fact, the otal monthly payment is  reduced regularly as your share in the property grows. When customers have| |made the full investment that had been agreed, customer become the sole owner with a free and clear title to the property. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Particulars | |Eligibility | | | |Citizenship | |- Pakistani and Non Resident Pakistanis as per policy | | | |Residence Work Address | |Pakistan other countries (NRP) as per policy | | | |Age | |- Minimum age required for a Primary Customer is 25 years. |-Co-applicant must be over 21 years of age. | |- Maximum 65 years old at the time of maturity of facility for Primary Customer . | |- Maximum 70 years old at the time of facility maturity for Co-applicant. | |In case of Salaried Person Applicant and/or Co-applicant, maturity date of facility shall not exceed the date of retirement. | | | |Customer / Applicant | |- Primary (or Single) Co-applicant allowed. | |- Co-applicant must be a member of the immediate family i. e. pouse parents only | | | |Income | |Salaried | |- Minimum Gross Income of PKR 20,000 per month. | |- 100% Co-applicant income will be clubbed in case of spouse. | | | | | |Self-Employed / Business Person | |- Minimum Gross Salary of PKR 50,000 per month. | | |Personal Reference | |- Two personal references (one relative and other office colleague/friend) not living with the customer | | | |Employment Tenure | |Salaried | |- Permanent job with a minimum 2 years continuous work history in the same industry / field. | | | | | |Self-Employed / Business Person | |- Minimum 3 years in current business / industry. | | | | | | |Particulars | |Eligibility  (For NRP Customers) | | | |Citizenship | |Pakistani | | | |Product Category | |Buyer, Builder, Renovation Replacement | | | |Builder / Renovation Cases | |In such cases, a responsible person will be appointed by the NRP customer who will look after construction on Musharakah property/land. | | |Segment | |Salaried Only | | | |Co-applicant for Income clubbing | |50 % of Net income of Parents, Spouse Son | | | |Age (Applicant Co-applicant for calculation of MBL financing amount) | |25 to 60 years | | | |Co-applicant Age (without income clubbing) |25 to 65 years | | | |Income | |Gross PKR 150,000/- above | | | |Employment Tenure | |Two years (minimum) regular experience in same industry. | |Minimum last 1-year existing job in the same country. | | | |Employment Status | |Permanent Contractual | | | |Company Eligibility | |Multinational Co. Well Established Local Corporate Groups | | | |Financing Tenor | |3 to 20 Years | | | |Financing Range | |PKR 0. 3M PKR 40M | | | FEATURES OF EASY HOME COMMENCEMENT OF AGREEMENT. The contract of Diminishing Musharaka house financing can be effected for a future date on the condition that the â€Å"profit† rate is payable after possession of the house by the client. Thus an effective forward contract is allowed despite its prohibition in Islam. It is called â€Å"a later† contract by the Islamic bank. Repayment of principal and â€Å"profit† / rent becomes due on possession of property by the client. 1- TERMINATION OF CONTRACT If the financier contravenes any term of the agreement, the client has the right to terminate the Musharaka contract unilaterally. If there is no contravention on the part of the financier, the contract cannot be terminated without mutual consent by the client. In case of the death of the client the contract will be terminated and it will be renewable by his successors. The client can terminate contract by purchasing the shares of the bank. 2- RISK OF LOSS In the Diminishing Musharaka house financing contract the financier as a Shirkat-ul-Milk participates in â€Å"profit† not in loss, the client will participate in both â€Å"profit† and loss, and the client will bear all losses. 3- OWNERSHIP PROVISION In the Diminishing Musharaka house financing contract the bank and the client co-own the house according to a predetermined ratio, if the bank invests 80% and the client invests 20%, the bank will own 80% of the property. 4- SALE TRANSFER The bank makes an agreement to allow the client to buy the units periodically, thus reducing the share of the bank and increasing the share of the client. This arrangement allows the bank to claim â€Å"rent† according to its proportion of ownership in the property and at the same time allows a periodical return of a part of the principal through purchase of the units of the bank’s share of the house by the client. 5- EXPENSE CONSEQUENT TO OWNERSHIP In Diminishing Musharaka house financing contract the client pays all expenses consequent to ownership, the bank participates in â€Å"profit† not in expenses or losses. 6- SECURITY Meezan Bank and AlBaraka require mortgage deeds. They prefer simple and registered mortgages. 7- LIABILITY OF BANK In Diminishing Musharaka house financing contracts the bank is liable for complying with the terms of the agreements. These include payments according to pre-determined schedules and sale of its share to the client. At the time of agreement the bank must disclose all facts pertinent to the agreement before the agreement is enacted 9- RIGHTS OF BANK’S CLIENT Diminishing Musharaka house financing. In Diminishing Musharaka house financing contracts the following are the rights and the powers of partners. 10-PENALTY ON LATE PAYMENT In Diminishing Musharaka house financing contracts the bank is entitled to charge penalty on late payments. Standard Chartered (Islamic bank), Meezan and Alabaraka charge penalty after 45 days. If the client makes late payments, the bank will continuously charge penalty. ?Easy Home offers customers a comprehensive solution with: †¢ Easy Buyer †¢ Easy Builder †¢ Easy Renovate †¢ Easy Replacement Within these wonderful options come the special benefits of Easy Home. †¢ Flexible Financing Tailored to Support customers. †¢ High financing amounts. †¢ Maximum financing against property value. Flexibility to make partial prepayments. †¢ Minimal processing charges. †¢ Very affordable and competitive monthly payment plan with a regularly reducing  rental amount. Quick Processing Time Absolutely hassle-free. Qu ick turn-around-times, with no burdensome complexities or excess paper work. It’s simple, halal, and easy! Come and take the step towards Riba free financing for your home, made easy with Meezan Banks Easy Home! Easy Buyer Buying a Home is Easy Halal!. †¢ Meezan Bank will finance up to 70% of the appraised value of your home cost to salaried individuals 60% to Businessmen.. †¢ Flexible financing by calculating DBR ( Debt Burden Ratio) Easy selection of financing tenure from a minimum of 2 years  (excluding construction period of max 12 months) up to a maximum of  20 years. ( in some cases it can go with 25 years Tenure) Easy Builder Building a Home is Easy Halal! For that special home you want to build yourself, or to help continue construction you may have already started. †¢ Meezan Bank will finance up to 70% of the appraised value of your home cost to salaried individuals 60% to Businessmen.. †¢ Flexible financing by calculating DBR ( Debt Burde n Ratio) †¢ Easy selection of financing tenure from a minimum of 2 years  (excluding construction period of max 12 months) up to a maximum of  20 years. in some cases it can go with 25 years Tenure) Easy Renovate Renovating your Home is Easy Halal! Making your home even better or just repairing it, do it with Meezan Banks Easy Renovate! Meezan bank finances maximum 30% of the Property Value in case of Renovation. Easy Replace Replacing  your existing mortgage to Islamic mode is Easy Halal †¢ Ready for transaction if it is replaced from Islamic Bank. †¢ It will Take period of 12 Months in case of replacement from Conventional Banks. RENTAL AMOUNT Rent Amount Is calculated with taking three figures. 1) UNIT COST (Dividing financing Amount with Total units/ months) 2) KIBOR ( Karachi Inter Bank Office Rate)Currently 14. 9 3) PROFIT RATE †¢ 3 for Salaried. †¢ 4 for Businessmen. †¢ 2 for listed Companies in Banks profile. RENTAL= UNIT COST+ KIBOR + P ROFIT RATE Modes of payment †¢ UMI †¢ EMI †¢ STEP UP MEEZAN LAPTOP Meezan Bank launches Laptop Ease offer in April 2011. It is a Shariah-compliant laptop financing, for individuals and for corporate class of  pakistan. By choosing this facility, customers can grab at their laptop sets by a process of easy installments.. Special features of Meezan Laptop Ease: †¢ Easy Installment options for financing period for 3 to 24 months. †¢ 2 years warranty with parts provided by vendor. †¢ Free Caring Case will be provided by vendor. Dedicated Call Center by New Horizon (vendor) for addressing after sale issues and providing after sales support to the customers at their door step †¢ Absolutely Free Takaful Coverage. All laptops acquired through Meezan Laptop Ease will be covered by Takaful (Islamic Insurance) before delivery to the customers. †¢ Minimum down payment up to 15% †¢ Laptop model offerings will vary from time to time in consistence wi th the latest upgraded features and market demand. †¢ Minimum age to avail this offer for both individuals and businessmen should be 20 years and maximum age should not cross over 60 and 65 years, respectively. Laptops are available at easy monthly installments of as low as Rs 2,750/- ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ( BUSINEESMEN SELF EMPLOYED) |   | |Citizenship |Pakistani, Adult, Permanent resident | |   |   | |   |   | |Age |Minimum 20,   Maximum 65   at maturity | |   |   | |   |   | |Income (PKR) |PKR 40,000/- | |   | | |   |   | |Personal Reference |Two personal references (one relative and other office | |   |colleague/friend) not living with the customer. | |   | |   |   | |Employment Business  Tenure |Minimum 2 years in same business | |   |(Business tenure to be verified via Bank Certificate, NTN | | |Certificate, Tax returns, Proprietorship letter, Registered | | |Partnership deed etc) | | |   | SALARIED Citizensh ip |   | |   |Pakistani, Adult, Permanent resident | | |   | |   |   | |Age |Minimum 20, Maximum 60 (Salaried) at maturity | |   |(Applicant maturity date of facility shall not exceed the date of| | |retirement. ) | |   | |   |   | |Income (PKR) |PKR 25,000/- (Gross Salary) | |   |   | |   |   | |Personal Reference |Two personal references (one relative and other office | |   |colleague/friend) not living with the customer. | |   | |   |Permanent job with minimum 1 year continuous working history in | |Employment Business  Tenure |same industry. | |   |Direct company contract valid till maturity date of financing | | |(Total 1 year previous working experience is mandatory). | MEEZAN LABBAIK UMRAH Labbaik Travel Saving Aasaan Labbaik Travel Aasaan Labbaik Travel Aasaan is a completely Halal Riba Free Travel Solution. | | |Key Features | |Completely Halal Shari’ah Approved. |Renowned Travel Agent’s on Meezan Banks panel | |Umrah  Packages for different durations facilities are available | |Complete Visa Processing and Umrah Package Arrangements by selected agent. | |Confirmed return airline tickets | Labbaik Saving Aasaan Account On agreeing to become a Labbaik Saving Aasaan Account holder, you will enter into the relationship of Mudarabah with the Bank. Under this relationship, you will be the Investor (or Rab-ul- Maal) and the Bank will be the Manager (or Mudarib) of the funds deposited by you in the Deposit pool. These funds will be utilized by the Bank to provide financing to customers under Islamic modes of financing, including but not limited to Murabaha, Ijarah, Istisna and Diminishing Musharakah. Meezan  Labbaik Saving Account can be opened by Individuals, Sole-Proprietorships, Partnerships and Limited Companies. Key Features †¢ Meezan Labbaik Savings Aasaan provides a number of features including: †¢ Available for individuals, where customers can open a single / joint account with family members †¢ Labbaik Saving Plan is available for six (06) months to twenty (20) years †¢ Labbaik Saving Account is a Pak Rupee account †¢ It will be a Recurring Deposit Account, where customers will deposit monthly contribution as per the deposit schedule plan Labbaik Saving Account is a non-chequing account, where no cheque book or VISA Debit Card will be issued †¢ Apart from regular monthly deposit contribution customers can deposit additional amounts in order to complet e the deposit amount and make the make the desired journey earlier than initially scheduled †¢ After completion of the desired deposit amount, customers will have a right to travel with Meezan Bank or redeem his funds to go with an alternate company or utilize the funds for alternate purposes †¢ No pre-mature withdrawal schedule will be applied †¢ Customers may redeem 50% of the contribution as per defined procedure, one-time in the entire deposit tenure. Functional Departments Of Meezan Bank †¢ Sales †¢ Credit Inniation (CIU) †¢ Risk Management (RMU) †¢ Credit Administration (CAD) †¢ Collection Recovery 1-SALES Sales is the most important and fundamental function of Revenue generation. They approach the customers through, ? Direct Sales ? Dealers reference ? Branch Customers ? Branch Coordinators ? Telemarketing Functions Of Sales Department †¢ Create marketing strategies to achieve sales targets of a bank. †¢ Implement best practices to meet customers needs and requirements. Implement best practices to meet customers needs and requirements. †¢ Initiate customer retention strategies and build new customers Lead, direct and mentor sales and marketing teams to achieve hundred percent outcome. †¢ Initiate campaign strategies for bank products and services †¢ Resolve customer needs. †¢ Understand customer financial needs and objectives. †¢ Recommend appropriate financial produc t or service to the customer. †¢ Assist and support bank management in delivering customer services †¢ Prepare sales and marketing statements and reports for the top management of the bank. 2-CREDIT INNIATION UNIT It is obvious that  every bank must have an independent department that deals with the credit function. Department in a bank that evaluates the financial condition of credit applicants and maintains a log of loan payments on currently outstanding loans. Credit information is gathered on a confidential basis and stored for future reference. The credit department also responds to requests by other lenders for credit information on a particular borrower CIU makes the case, Reveiw the case, Assess the potentials of the client to repay the assets value, check the opinions and worth of the compamy. 3-RISK MANAGEMENT UNIT MEEZAN BANK’S risk management policy rests on its sound and Islamic bank management culture and complies largely with international Islamic Banking standards, management requirements, corporate governance principles and carries with it the highest ethical values from within the banking profession. The Organizational Structure of the Risk Management Group. The bank has set in place an independent risk management function within The Risk Management department, covering all risks: market, credit and operational risk. The Head of Risk Management reports to the Audit Committee, whose members are chosen among the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors formally approves overall risk management strategies and the direction of business. The Board regularly monitors the banks financial performance, reviews and controls risk management activities and bears the final responsibility of approving the banks risk appetite. Risk Management Department is the center of performing this function. This department reports to the Bank’s Risk Committee, The Head of Risk Management Group. 4-CREDIT ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT Leads centralized credit administration and control department whose function is to provide a uniform and efficient credit administration and control service encompassing completion of security/transaction documentation formalities, safe custody function, MIS development for monitoring of banks exposure from different risk angles to ensure that a high level of credit administration support is provided to the bank’s business units to protect banks risk assets. ? Reveiw the case ? Makes observation ? Disburse The Case ? Generate Installements ? Prepare Legal doucuments Agreements Principal Duties Responsibilities: ? Manage the Documentation and Limits Control Units Prepare accurate documentation of credit facilities to ensure that the same is legally enforceable without lacunas. ? Review security/transaction documents with a view to make it convenient for customers without compromising banks interest. ? Manage effective and efficient safe custody of original security/transacti on documentation and title deeds etc belonging to clients/third parties. ? To ensure that safe custody procedures are meticulously implemented. ? Ensure credit documentation deferrals are effectively followed up with Business Units for perfection within the time allowed. ? Arrange the valuations, from bank’s approved evaluators, of real estates held as collateral in line with Credit Risk Policy. Maintain marked to the market valuation for shares, mutual funds and other marketable securities and advise to business units where and violation of Approval of Finance / Credit Risk Policy occurred. ? To follow up with Business Units for early execution of documentation by clients. ? Immediate and accurate feeding of limits into the system once security documentation is completed by the client. ? Ensure least Turn Around Time (TAT) in line with SLAs with business units. ? Generate / Maintain MIS to monitor the portfolio and to prompt Business Units for timely completion of annual rev iews by providing necessary reports regarding expiring/expired facilities. ? Prepare weekly/monthly Exceptions Report   and circulate daily Overdrawn / Excess Over Limits report to the senior management and business units. Upload the accurate data as per the requirements of regulator. ? Managing and guiding team to execute above responsibility and help in their professional development. ? Managing specific tasks / projects assigned by the CRO from time to time in relation to Credit Administration Control. 5-COLLECTION RECOVERY DEPARTMENT (To Save The Bank’s Assets) The Recovery Collection function is an important component of any Bank’s business operations. The key is knowing when and how to accomplish the sale safely. The key is to  find the best way to minimize the risk of late payment or non-payment by customers. The core activities of the collection department include: †¢ Accelerating cash flow Minimizing bad debt losses †¢ Reviewing and approving new accounts †¢ Developing and updating  credit and collection policies †¢ Managing the collection function †¢ Maintaining current information in the credit file on each active customer †¢ Researching and resolving disputes and deductions that would otherwise delay or prevent payment of accounts receivable †¢ Communicating with other departments within the Bank. †¢ Safeguarding the companys investment in accounts receivable BUCKETS †¢ SMS ALERTS †¢ FRONTEND †¢ MID RANGE †¢ HAND COURT †¢ NON PERFORMING LOAN SMS ELERTS Before due date Sms are sent to the customers. FRONTEND One day past, the payment become Overdue. Frontend is the period from 1 to 29 days. An INTIMATION LETTER is sent to the customer by the bank as a soft reminder and Calls are made. MID RANGE / HARD COURT When overdues are not cleared by the customer within 29 days, Customer entered into 30+ DPD ( Day Past Due) Mid range is the period of 30 days to 59 days. REMINDER LETTER is sent to Customer. Home Visits are made. Tone is changed from soft reminders to aggressive one. NON PERFOMING LOAN 60+ DPD, 60 to 89 days of due payments are called Non Performing Loans. LEGAL NOTICE sent the customer with the time frame of 15 days to settle the payments. After that time limit, bank have the right to Repossess the vehicle. In case of reposession, Bank take the services of Agencies as 3rd party, after reposession Vchile is parked to the warehouse and FINAL LETTER is sent by bank to the customer. In which Total Amount including total purchase price, Over due Rentals, Surcharge amount, Valuation, legal, Parking and deduction of Security Deposit is mentioned. Where customer is offered to settle the account. But if customer fails to settle his account then Banks has options to sell or Auction the vehicle. A file is maintianed, called Repo File. It consists of †¢ Reminder Letter †¢ Copy Of Legal Notice †¢ Lease Agreement Copy †¢ Complete Exise File †¢ Copy Of Customer’s CNIC †¢ Application Form Coppy RECOVERY After 90 days customer entered into 90+ DPD. And Non preforming Loan shifted to Recovery.

Comment on the dramatic significance of any three scenes in Hamlet Essays

Comment on the dramatic significance of any three scenes in Hamlet Essays Comment on the dramatic significance of any three scenes in Hamlet Paper Comment on the dramatic significance of any three scenes in Hamlet Paper Shakespeares tragedies revolve around a person of social or intellectual status whose life is ruined by one great mistake or a tragic flaw. Hamlet reveals Shakespeares gift for dramatic characterization and brilliant poetic imagery. Shakespeare truly understands the human mind and sympathises with the problems an individual faces. This he does through his powerful language and striking visual imagery. Shakespeare wrote the play around the turn of the 17th century Elizabethan London was full of intellectual and artistic ideas, Hamlet is probably one of Shakespeares most studied and popular plays. Loosely based on Danish history, the play most likely has its origins in Histories Tragiques. The atmosphere was politically turbulent and dangerous. When Shakespeare wrote Hamlet he was already very experienced and a master of poetic techniques and stagecraft. He began to attempt radical new ways of engaging his audience. Hamlets popularity is due to his artistic exuberance, rich and varied incidents, characters and language. We observe Hamlets decoration of love for Horatio and his friends tender fare well. Shakespeares heroes have preoccupation with self and are introspective in nature. His tragic heroes are haunted by their conscience seeking their true selves agonizing over what course of action to take, as they follow what can often be understood as a kind of spiritual progress towards heaven or hell. Hamlet is an intensely theatrical play. It richly displays Shakespeares interest in his own profession as actor and playwright, and the London theatres at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Shakespeares plays are written for the stage and so are intended to be performed and seen by audience. The work of art mimics the beliefs, assumptions and prejudices of the society of which it is produced. Hamlet was produced at a time of intellectual religious and political controversy. The rice of capitalism tested the absolute power of the monarchy. Hamlet dramatizes the struggles of the Elizabethan period. During the Elizabethan times, evocative passages reflected philosophical thoughts, these thoughts were often spoken in verse and rhyme also was used to convey excitement and passion. There was no real scenery and so setting was created through the magic of words. In Elizabethan theatre tragedy occurred when the essential good in a person is wasted when evil or tragic flaw overcomes the person. Shakespeare made events of the past have relevance to the present and the events also had a universal significance. In Hamlet the ghost of his father adds to the element in the play. In Elizabethan revenge was thought to be noble and manly and there can be order only if man can control his passions. Use of soliloquies and the use of dramatic irony would be considered as a literary tradition. Hamlet portrays the inner turmoil of an alienated melancholy young man ordered by a ghost to avenge his fathers death. His emotional journey results in great harm to others as her travels from deeply troubled questioning or to be or not to be and the calm acceptance to let be. It tells us about human life and responsibilities, it holds up the mirror up to nature, Use of metaphors and similes are the lifeblood of Shakespeares language. The images often form clusters. In Hamlet a number of images of sickness and disease are descriptive of the unwholesome condition of Denmark. There is also much beauty; dignity and majesty included the poetry of Hamlet. Shakespeare is able to capture a spontaneous outburst of emotions very effectively through his language and choice of words. In Elizabethan time punning was very popular, Shakespeare shows mastery of style and diction. The passage which talks about the qualities of a man show Shakespeare can write prose with as much power as verse. This is one of the finest passages in the play. The speeches in Hamlet are distinctive absorbing and engrossing. They deal with fundamental human problems. The dramatic significance sustains the readers interest as the play builds up tension. Shakespeare has uses forceful imagery and dialogue to keep up the readers interest. Shakespeare has shown the emotions that are related to relationships. Shakespeare has used the element of valuing relationships to make the scenes more dramatic. In Hamlets first appearance Shakespeare uses action, play and show as he angrily denies his grief, which is merely signified, in his outward appearance. The play presents Hamlet as a clever and thoughtful person who doesnt like to rush into things. An effective opening to a play should establish the themes to the play. Hamlet does this very well as one of the main themes in the play is death and a ghost is a good way to show death. Shakespeare uses the opening scene to show his ideas. Through his language he summarizes what is going to happen. At the beginning of the play fear, uncertainty, mystery, tension and gloom are the key elements, which create an overall negative atmosphere. Both the environment and the characters of the play create the atmosphere in the Act 1 Scene 1. Tis bitter cold, And I am sick at heart, this quote proves that it is very cold and the characters react in such a way that they are a reflection of such atmosphere. By informing the readers of the past events of Denmark he states the effect on the present and the future, through which he sows the seeds of tragedy. The opening scenes of Hamlet tell us a lot about the play. This is done through the use of language, literary devices, pace, structure and historical, social and cultural references. An effective opening to a play should establish the themes to the play. Hamlet does this very well as the main theme in the play is death and a ghost is a good way to show death. The language and broken rhythms in the first scene generates an atmosphere of unease, apprehension and confusion. An unexplained phrase sick at heart anticipates the images of physical and mental illness, which colour the whole play. He begins the play with a short question, Whos there? this question sums up the feelings of fear, uncertainty, tension and perhaps curiosity. What has this thing appeard again to night adds to the supernatural element in the play and adds to the suspense in the readers minds, and on the other hand the characters Barnardo, Marcellus and Horatio believe that the ghost can in fact be an evil spirit or it has come as a warning of trouble to come. When Horatio is told about the ghost by Marcellus and Barnardo, he does not believe it and says tis but our fantasy The appearance of the ghost at this moment adds to the dramatic tension in the scene. However when the ghost appears again Horatios first words after seeing the ghost are, it horrors me with fear and wonder. Horatio then states that the ghost has come back in order to carry out unfinished business he becomes more cautious. When he tries to speak to the ghost, the ghost feels offended and it stalks away. This instance was probably the start of the drama in the play as it is the ghost who is the cause of Hamlet acting upon his feelings. Drama is made when Horatio shouts, Stay! Speak, speak I charge thee speak! the repetition and exclamation create real anxiety. The final speeches of Act 1 Scene 1 are atmospherically poetic as Horatio explains how cockcrow was the summons for any wandering ghost to return to its prison. The beginning of Act 3 scene 2 presents Hamlet as a planner. He plans the play carefully and this is shown by his instructions to the players, his instructions reveal his fondness of drama. He makes important points on an actors performance, we see this in line such as, Let your own discretion be your tutor. He wants the play to have the right affect on the King so he mention to them to, Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronouncd it to you, trippingly on the tongue. He wants every detail correct for the right affect. He tells them not to be overdramatic, but also Be not too tame, neither. He wants the play to reflect the past, this also shows that Hamlet is clever, being indirect by telling the king he knows of his fathers murder. He wants to touch the kings conscience. Making him think about what he has done and the consequences of his actions. He says: The purpose of the playing, whose end, both at the first and now, was and is to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature. When Hamlet is talking to the players he speaks in prose, which suggests some informality, and that Hamlet gets on with the players, but he also has some authority over them. The play is also a chance to test the reliability of the ghost. In Act 3 Scene 2 we also see Hamlets abrupt dismissal of Rozencrantz and Guildenstern, which shows the dramatic contrast to his wholehearted praise for Horatio. It tells us that a person who is balanced, and does not over dramatize is always appreciated. Hamlet is pleased with the play within the play he uses rhyming to show his happiness when talking to Horatio. O good Horatio, Ill take the ghosts word for a thousand pound. Didst perceive? This shows that Hamlet is pleased with the play and the play has served its purpose and proved the reliability of the ghost. This part of the play shows Hamlet is nervous, by using rhyme it makes him sound out of breath and speeds up his speech; it also shows his careful planning to detail in the play paid off. The play also has had an affect on the audience, when the king gets up they will not know why, they will be wondering what the dramatic exit of the king means, it may also change their opinion of the king, they may realize he is an angry mysterious character. Hamlets outburst towards his mother and the society is powerful. Shakespeares use of words and phrase add to the dramatic element of the scene. Words and phrases like the counterfeit presentment of two brothers; compulsive ardour and precedent lord show the anger in Hamlets tone. At the end of the play, when Hamlet is successful in bringing out guilt onto Claudiss face, there is a line with the same word repeated three times to show his guilt, fear, and nervousness. Lights, lights, lights! This part of the play shows Hamlet as excitable, by using rhyming it makes him sound out of breath and speeds up his speech, it also shows his careful planning to detail in the play paid off. The will also have had an affect on the audience, when the king gets up they will not know why, they will be wondering what the dramatic exit of the king means, it may also change their opinion of the king, they may realize he is an angry mysterious character. Shakespeares settings always tell the reader of what is coming up next. Tis now the very witching time of night, when churchyards yawn, and the hell itself breathe out. In this particular line, we see that the atmosphere tells the audience that something unpleasant is awaiting the main character. A metaphor has been used, for hell is given the human quality of breathing. Another very dramatic technique of Shakespeare is using cross-reference. I will speak daggers to her, when Hamlet talks at the end of Act 3 Scene 2 to himself, he brings out the evil side of himself, it suggests that he is capable of sin. Hamlet indicates that he will be cruel, not unnatural. I will speak daggers to her, but use none. This indicates that the drama has effected him and he is going to act upon it, this adds to the dramatic significance of the play as he does put his words into actions in Act 3 Scene 4 where while avoiding physical harm, he still plays mind games and accuses his mother of murder and where Polonius is killed is sure realistic in nature. More emotions of the characters are shown as the scene becomes more intense. O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart to twain emotions are piled on to give increase the dramatic effect in the scene. Both Hamlet and his mother are sharing their feelings with the reader, which shows how colossal their emotions are. Both are trying to show their anger towards each other. I must be cruel only to be kind. Hamlet expresses his thoughts and feelings towards his mother are very touching and are comprehended by the reader. Hamlet tries to show what his mother did was wrong and was disrespectful to his father. To give the world assurance of a man. This was your husband. Shakespeare uses supernatural imagery to suggest Hamlets evil side. Now could I drink hot blood, and do such bitter business, as the day would quake to look on. O heart, lose not thy nature; let not ever the soul of Nero enter this firm bosom Let me be cruel, not unnatural. The king now knows that Hamlet knows what happens to his father and he is in danger of losing his position as king and his wife. In Shakespeares Hamlet, a soliloquy is used to create the true feelings of a character. Often when a character speaks with others what he or she says might not necessarily reflect their true feelings. Therefore a soliloquy is a dramatic device whereby a character can pour his soul in order for the readers to have real and true sense of how the character feels and how the character thinks. It is only through these literary techniques and dramatic devices that we are able to understand the extent of Hamlets turmoil. Hamlets soliloquy gives a dramatic effect to the play; his confused state of mind is usually seen only through his soliloquy. We also meet a new phase of Hamlet as he exposes a new sentimental and emotional side, which is new to us. The language is given great dramatic force as repeated words, phrases, rhythms and sounds add to the emotional intensity or a moment or scene, heightening theatrical effect. Repetitions occur with the structure of speech for example as Horatio challenges the Ghost in Act 1 Scene, If thou hast any sound or use of voice, Speak to me Oh speak Or if thou hast up hoarded in thy life Extorted in the womb of earth, For which they say you spirits oft walk in death, Speak to it. Stay and speak. In the final dramatic scene Act 5 Scene 2 of Hamlet, the violence, so long delayed, erupts with dizzying speed. Characters drop one after the other, poisoned, stabbed, and, in the case of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, executed, as the theme of revenge and justice reaches its conclusion in the moment when Hamlet finally kills Claudius. The final scene depicts the greatest sympathy towards Hamlet, as Laertes and Claudius have combined forces against him. Claudius is willing to take any measures necessary to eliminate Hamlet, as shown when he does not prevent Gertrude from drinking the poisoned wine. In this scene Hamlet is portrayed as the victim. Claudius, with the help of Laertes is out to kill him. It appears that Hamlet is facing death because of his loyalty and honour towards his father. This makes the audience feel hi death is a tragic loss. The language in this scene has a cold tone, and it is not very difficult to understand the situation. In certain lines we see that forceful words have been used, such as, Grinding of the axe and My head should be struck off. The mention of weapons, tells the reader that something unpleasant is awaiting the characters in the play. Shakespeare creates an atmosphere with the trumpets and drums, making the particular moment in the scene memorable. The drama in the scene becomes immense as successions of deaths occur. This makes the scene very dramatic to the audience as they see continuously watch bodies fall. The relationship between Hamlet and his mother is first broken as she drinks the poisoned cup that was meant for Hamlet. Shakespeare uses language to show the tone of treachery when the queen is dying. The drink, the drink! I am poisoned. The death of the queen comes as a shock to the audience and the reader. Hamlet goes wild after his mother is killed. O villainy! Ho! Let the door be locked. Treachery! Seek it out. Hamlet realizes it was the king who had betrayed his mother. He forces the king to drink the left over poison as the punishment. Drink off this poison. Is thy union here? Follow my mother. Hamlet forces Claudius to drink the poison and so he also dies. Shakespeare shows his expert analysis on the psychology of the human mind as he has beautifully shown the Hamlets temperament. The language used is poignant but also forceful as Hamlet takes his revenge on Claudius. Laertes who feels guilty about being at fault for the unfortunate death of the king and queen committing suicide, exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. Mine and my fathers death come not upon thee. The language is very poignant as there is a tone of plea in Laertes speech. The deaths makes the visual effect on the audience is very dramatic. Drama is continued till the end of the scene as before dying Hamlet says many touching words. He talks in a poignant tone about the world showing his deep analysis of the world. And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain. Shakespeare has brought out the true feelings of the character. Horatio even after Hamlets death continues to perform his duties as a friend. Before Hamlet died he tells Horatio to his story. To tell my story. And Horatio does not disappoint his friend. Indeed, Hamlet does all the criteria of a tragic hero by the time Fortinbras arrives. In the final scene he is a man of action who is killed by circumstances rather than any direct fault of his own. The unexpected death of all the characters makes the end very emotional, and frightening. Hamlets last words to Horatio tell us of his dedication to him, Now crack a noble heart. Goodnight sweet prince. This line has a double meaning and does not clearly tell the audience of what Hamlet is actually trying to say. Shakespeares expressions and comparisons are natural and spontaneous. His style reflects the character of the person speaking to the same man in different moods may speak differently. One of Shakespeares favorite language methods is to accumulate words or phrases rather like a list, so shall you hear Of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts such lists add to the force of argument, enrich atmosphere, amplify meaning and provide extra dimensions of character. The question of who we are and why, where have we come from, where we have to go, where we will go next, where we will end up are all expressed in the play. All in all Hamlet leaves us with a message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world, where revenge should know no bounds Hamlet is not so much a play as a companion for life. Hamlet is a family drama, and since we are all members of a family it sustains our interest. The focus is on family relationships like brother and sister, father and son, father and daughter, mother and son, friendship and friendship betrayed, importance of duty to ones own country, to those in power of oneself, to God, to truth are all cleverly interwoven into the play and generate the plays electricity (interest). In Hamlet Shakespeare dramatizes in a memorable way issues central to everyones critical self. His language offers to make thrilling theater and also having dark, ironic, melancholy, passionate, contemplative, desperate, violent tones used throughout adds to the dramatic effect that remains true to the spirit of the play. As usual, Shakespeare has researched information about his main character and then changed him into the dramatic personage that he becomes. I feel Shakespeare has very cleverly used the Ghost to heighten dramatic interest and the death of Hamlet at the end of the play to heighten the tragedy. The end results of Shakespeares changes are the creation of a powerful and memorable protagonist and a dramatically effective play. All in all I feel the play is not only a tragedy entertaining people but it puts forward to us a very moralistic situation, where it tells us of what rebellious attitude of a man can lead to and where no human can have control of his/her state of mind in situations which Hamlet himself went through, where his evil side took over his good.

African American and American Society Essay Example for Free (#2)

African American and American Society Essay African American (597) , African (466) , Racism (370) , American society (32) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? African Americans No matter where or when a person lives, skin color, beliefs, class, or history he/she will see a difference in the way every ethnic group is treated. This world has never been fair for anyone. Life can treat a person with the greatest of care or it will treat a person as if he/she is lower than dirt. African Americans are no different. They have faced great hardships and triumphs throughout the years. Since they had been forced from their homeland they have been treated as if they had no rights or thoughts of their own. They were placed in the status of slaves even though they were human beings too. No matter if they were placed in the minority group by the dominate majority group of white Americans they remind structurally pluralism by keeping to their beliefs and traditions. Before and after slavery African Americans did not receive equal treatment. â€Å"Even when slavery ended, Jim Crow laws went into effect meaning that the very best of everything was reserved for white’s only-school, jobs, neighborhoods, hospitals, etc. † (Moore, 2008). In other words, the African Americans took the subordinate status to the dominant white Americans. Their race was used to dictate what rights they would be allowed to have in America. At one point, they did not have the right to be free and over the years they were given that right back. Even though they regained their right to be free, they still were not very free. They were only allowed to eat in certain places, drink from certain fountains, and ride in the back of the bus. This is not what would be called very free. They were not even given the opportunities to receive a quality education or to vote. â€Å"With the 1896 Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the separate by equal doctrine was upheld, and the system of segregation in the South was securely in place† (Merger, 2012, pg. 169). When it came to getting a quality education, they were placed at the bottom of the totem pole. The whites receive the best opportunities for receiving a quality education while the African Americans were not. It was not until the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case that African Americans were allowed a better education. â€Å"Separate schools were inherently unequal and imposed an inferior status on black children, causing irreparable psychological change† (Merger, 2012, pg. 173). The rights as citizens were also being denied by not allowing them to vote and make a proper living to take care of theirfamilies. Years ago, African Americans were not allowed to vote, so they had no say in the laws that were made that would deny them their rights as American citizens or human beings. This kept them from changing the laws that kept them from achieving economically and politically. The Civil Right Movement began a new era for African American. It was their gain of the right to vote and be elected to office that gave the some power over their rights as human beings and citizen in the economic and political environment. Even after everything that the African Americans have gone through, they still face prejudice and discrimination in all areas of their lives. It is no wonder that for some it feels as if it is never over. No matter what a person looks like, how he/she talks, their beliefs, where he/she lives, how much money he/she has, or what race he/she may come from we all bleed red and where cut from the same cloth. We all deserve to have the opportunities and resources that are out there to help better ourselves. African Americans are human beings too and they have the same rights as everyone else. African American and American Society. (2016, Dec 19).

Using examples, critically discuss the importance of gastronomy to at Essay - 2

Using examples, critically discuss the importance of gastronomy to at festivals - Essay Example Food festivals in the UK is a good example of food festivals where gastronomy can be used to benefit the tourism sector while improving culinary experience of many people who attend food festivals in the UK annually. Several regions of the UK offer food festivals in which all kinds of food from those regions are served, ranging from insects, oysters, mocktails and ales. Gastronomy in these food festivals enables locals and tourists to learn various types of food, share ideas about food, and build their nutrition knowledge (Smith & Costello, 2009). This improves relationships between people from different cultures, and enables them to enjoy their experiences together and build unity across UK and the world. This is also supported by Niester (2008), who suggests that food festivals such as beer festivals bring together visitors who come beer testing and experience, leading to strong relationships. People get to know each other as they test beer during beer festivals and beer shows held annually in Yorkshire, UK. Gastronomy also enables people to learn about sensory human nutrition. Visitors attending festivals do not just get the chance to enjoy beautiful sceneries and marvelous performances, but they also get to taste, discover, research and understand about food in a practical and enjoyable manner. For example, the Ludlow food festival in Shropshire is famous for modern food festival trend that involves preparation of sausage and ale trails (Lloyd & Johnson, 2009). The festival organizes an interactive event which allows participants to learn how to use their five senses when eating (Lloyd & Johnson, 2009). This event does not just promote relationships but also enables people to understand their sensory human nutrition. Gastronomy also enables people to learn and understand how food nutrition relates to culture (Katz & Weaver, 2003). As a

Informal Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Informal Care - Assignment Example Management of CHF requires shared responsibilities as increasing number of CHF patients have decreased formal care provision. Informal care is an avenue that has best potential for ensuring adequate quality of life for CHF patients, and at the same time also ensuring that CHF patients get more attention than would have been possible in formal care. Clark et al (2007) survey of informal carers and their patients has pointed out that informal care givers have been able to manage and ensure adequate quality of life for CHF patients. Authors have pointed out that informal and invisibl3 care could be even better managed if the informal care givers were given basic training for recognizing and managing some of CHF symptoms. Francine et al (2002) provides enlightening statistics that in 2002 there were at least 41 million people with chronic debilitating conditions. Another issue might be increased longevity through intervention better nutrition and quality of life - thus the proportion of old people afflicted with chronic conditions is continually rising. Informal caring which may be through family or friends (and usually is honorary) has taken on increasingly important role as formal carers reduce in proportion to the chronically ill. Incidentally most of the informal care is given by women, be it daughters or sometimes wives. The toll on women caregivers is quite stressful with many women being forced to take lower paying jobs that allow them more time for. Care giving has also been known to be mentally taxing and causing emotional stress. Caregivers are more susceptible to indigestion and high blood pressure and caregivers, who care for patients with Alzheimer and psychopathological disorders, may h ave bouts of depression. Informal care givers are not given adequate governmental support and many of the services performed for ill disposed may not be reimbursable through NHA or Medicaid. Francine et al (2002) reiterate that policies should be introduced that recognize the efforts and work performed by the care givers. As care givers tend to be over 40, many of the social workers and care givers might themselves be in need of support in coming years (Francine et al 2002). Understanding Chronic Heart Failure may be important to appreciate the need for informal care. Donovan (2008) defines CHF as condition affecting older population which affects temperament and frequently is terminal. Using survey of care givers gave 3 dimensions which were important in informal care. Caring for CHF patient was frequently a shared activity and involved both visible and invisible methods of caring. The severity of symptoms determined the type and quantity of intervention requirements. The carer's lack of formal knowledge was contrasted by knowledge gleaned from experience with CHF patient. The informal care givers were cognizant of patient's mood, physiology temperament changes and could relate to these changes with corresponding requirements of more intensive care provision. The visible caring activities, managing medicine and personal care, were found to be tiring. As CHF conditioned worsened CHF patients were found to require

Traffic Accidents Essay Example for Free

Traffic Accidents Essay Traffic accidents are on the rise these days. Most of the accidents caused injuries or either worse death. Research have found that most of the accidents are caused by inexperienced drivers, for example young drivers. Young drivers tend to be more daring and are unable to avoid a crush when they face one. They tend to be more daring after drinking alcohol at night and this causes them to lose control of the car. Drunk driving will not only risk a person’s own life but may also cause an innivent life to be lost. The government should encourage the driving school to conduct driving lessons foryung drivers for a longer period. This will give them a clear picture about how accidents happen and teach them about the safety of others on the road. Drivers that have been in an accident after drunk driving should be ban from driving for at least two years and be given driving lessons again. However, for the aged drivers, the government should not only lowered the age limit but also check the capability of the aged drivers for instance eyesight, hearing and other related health conditions to ensure safe driving. It does not mean that an aged person are not fit to drive and has a problem with the heart but a young or a middle aged person could also have heart failure these days. To conclude, I feel that to raise the agelimit of young drivers arenot the best solution but to give them more driving lessons about the problems they may encounter on the road and to ban them from driving if they have caused an accident due to carelessness. As for the age drivers, as long as they are capable on the road before a certain age and there are no health issues there shouldn’t be a problem.

Directing Act 3 scene 2 of Julius Caesar :: Drama

Directing Act 3 scene 2 of Julius Caesar Act 3 scene 2 is a pivotal scene in the play for a number of reasons. Firstly, it develops the growing conflict between the conspirators and Anthony. It creates the main division that ultimately leads to the ensuing war. It also introduces Anthony as a more powerful figure, as if he fills the vacuum that Caesars death left. From a directing point of view, it is a very hard scene to direct, as we need to keep the suspense and momentum created by the juxtaposition made by placing this pivotal scene right after the last highly charged and emotional scene. In this scene, I want to try and create an atmosphere of anger and emotion, anger first at Caesar during Brutus' speech and then at Brutus himself during Anthony's, the emotion is in a way not only the anger, but also the grief that the plebeians feel at the loss of their leader. Before the scene starts, a couple of actors in plebeian clothes take up places in the standing area close to the stage ready to divide the audience for when Anthony comes down among them. At the beginning of the scene when Brutus and Cassius enter, I would like them to enter through the main back door onto the stage and walk towards the plebeians. Cassius then leaves with some citizens and exits back through the back door through which Brutus then follows to emerge a moment later in the main pulpit above the stage (see diagram 1-2). This is because it shows he thinks he is above all the citizens around him and asserts the air of authority that he is trying to make. One of the main points I want to get across in Brutus' speech is the fact that he does not actually have any good reason for killing Caesar and that he has to try and promote the one point that he has. To do this, I want him to use a lot of emotive actions and tone of voice. In Caesar's time when the people were mostly uneducated and easily led, this kind of speech would have won them over if it were performed well. If they got so caught up on one point, then they would forget that it was not actually a very good point and believe it feverantly until they could be persuaded otherwise by another speaker, such as Anthony. Brutus starts out by pleading with the plebeians to listen to him, "Hear me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦" When he says this, I want him to say it almost desperately but still

Child Labour Essay

Lots has been said about child labour and in these reports there are clearly stated concerns about the effects of child labour on children‘s academic performance and its long run impact on human capital development. Situations where children of school going age are engaged in active work, does it at the expense of school. The situation existed even before Ghana attained her independence in 1957. Generally, attendance rates for males are higher than that of females but the differences are minimal because they all are geared towards the downfall of society. Often there is a mismatch between school calendar or timetable and household duties (e.g. fetching water, collecting firewood, cooking, caring for younger siblings and sick family members) resulting in some children not being able to attend school. In Ghana the cooperative effort of the government, voluntary agencies and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have employed their resources into improving the lot of children especially in northern Ghana. The objectives of the UN‘s MDG compact, which are reflected in the original poverty reduction proposals of Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy, included raising the access of all the nation‘s children and youth to a defined minimum of basic education, irrespective of the economic circumstances of their parents or guardians. Child labourers lack concentration in class, end up producing bad results which could lead to school drop outs. One of the immediate consequences is streetism, a spear header of E. Sutherland‘s Differential Association- a process whereby deviance or crime is learned from others. This negative phenomenon puts the Ghanaian society in a pathological state since the impact will be an astronomical increase in crime rate. There is the need for further interventions if this problem of child labour would be reduced to the barest minimum in Ghana and especially in the study area. The impact of this phenomenon is diversified in nature and need multi-faceted solutions. In light of the above issues the problem of child labour in the study area needs to be given more attention. Though a lot of studies have been conducted about the problem it still persists. In order to address it there is the need to have a clear understanding of the nature, causes and trends of child labour. The effects of child labour on children‘s academic performance calls for further investigations. Research Questions In view of the above discussion, four questions are posed which the study will seek to address: †¢ What child labour is and how widespread is the phenomenon of child labour in Madina? †¢ Which factors influence family‘s decision to subject the child to work in the study area? †¢ How does child labour affect children‘s academic performance in the study area? †¢ How can the problem be addressed by different stakeholders? Objectives of the study The broad objective of this study is to investigate and understand the dynamics of child labour, assess the extent to which it has affected children‘s academic performance in the study area and to propose policy recommendations to improve human capital development which is a key to national development. The specific objectives of the study include the following: †¢ To examine what child labour is and how widespread the phenomenon of child labour is in Madina. †¢ Some factors that cause child labour in the study area. †¢ The effects of child labour on academic performance in the study area. †¢ To give recommendations to inform policy to mitigate the activities of child labour. HYPOTHESIS The higher the engagement in child labour, the poorer you perform academically. Theoretical Framework Theory on Child Labour Over the years many theoretical perspectives of child labour have been propounded. Some of the more common models which try to explain child labour are the household bargaining models. Bargaining models may be of two distinct kinds, depending on who the agents involved i n the bargaining are. Intra-household bargaining models – whose main agenda is often not child labour but general household behaviour – assume that the bargaining occurs within the family between parents and the child (children). Solutions to these models usually specify that a child‘s labour supply depends on the adult wages and child‘s wage that prevail on the market. In the extra household approach, it is assumed that children have negligible bargaining power in households, and are basically an instrument for the parents‘ maximization of utility. These models usually treat employers and parents of the children as the two main factors involved in the bargaining process. These models- especially the extra-household bargaining model – sharply contrast with altruist models of child labour, in which the parents are altruistically concerned with the child‘s welfare. Furthermore, the altruistic class of models is differentiated from bargaining models, as they assume multiple equilibriums. Foremost among the altruistic models is presented in Basu and Van (1998), which provides a framework for investigating how child labour and adult labour are interdependent in economic activity and under what conditions child labour emerges in the labour market. The main findings in their paper are essentially derived from two axioms referred to as the ―Luxuryâ€â€" and ―Substitutionâ€â€" axioms, respectively. Luxury Axiom: A family sends the children to the labour market only if the family‘s income from non-child labour sources drops below the subsistence level. Substitution Axiom: Child labour and adult labour are substitutes from a firm‘s point of view. Basu and Van (1998) show that there exist two multiple equilibriums in which (1) both adults and children work with low wages (―badâ€â€" equilibrium) and (2) only adults work with high wages (―goodâ€â€" equilibrium). At the ―goodâ€â€" equilibrium in which adult wages are above the subsistence level, parents have no incentive to send children to work according to the Luxury Axiom. In contrast, when the economy stays at the bad equilibrium in which adult wages are below the subsistence level, adults have to send children to work to sustain the household. In this model, a household resource is the important factor in the determination of child labour. Other models exploring multiple equilibriums have looked at the relationship between child labour and social norms, and also at the question of income redistribution. The dynamic consequences of child labour are likely to be significant since an increase in child labour frequently causes a decline in the acquisition of human capital. The issue of child labour in Ghana and in Madina of the Ga-East district in particular lends itself to the ―bad economyâ€â€" explanations that compel parents to send their children out to work to supplement family income. The theoretical underpinning of this study is on the Substitution Axiom where children work to supplement the inadequate income of the family. This from the functionalist point of view, child labour has a function to perform for the survival of the family. Theory on Academic performance A kwon thesis we can talk about is Martin Ford‘s motivational systems theory (MST). This framework focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis, but lodges the individual in the biological, social, and environmental contexts that are crucial to development. MST attempts to describe the development of the whole person-in-context, in much the same way a biologist might describe an individual plant and its relation to its immediate ecological niche, as well as the larger ecosystems in which it resides (Pintrich & Schunk, 1996). Ford proposed a simple mathematical formula that attempts to represent all these factors in one model. The formula for effective person-in-context functioning is: Achievement = (Motivation x Skill ) x Responsive Environment Biological Structure The formula proposes that actual ―achievement and competence are the products of a motivated, skillful, and biologically capable person interacting with a responsive environmentâ€â€" (Ford, 1992, p.70). The motivational systems theory does not attempt to replace any of the existing theories. Instead, it attempts to organize the various motivational constructs from different theories into one model. The main constructs are self-efficacy beliefs, the role of expectancy, and goal orientation. The formula suggests that in any behaviour episode, there are four major prerequisites for effective functioning: 1. The person must have the motivation needed to initiate and maintain the activity until the goal directing the episode is attained. 2. The person must have the skill necessary to construct and execute a pattern of activity that will produce the desired result. 3. The person‘s biological structure and functioning must be able to support the operation of the motivation and skill components. 4. The person must have the cooperation of a responsive environment that will facilitate progress towards the goal (Ford, 1992). Thus, how students deal with their studies or attain their academic goals and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers does not depend solely on their biological disposition but has social or environmental contributions. This could be in the form of an achievement motivation or sociocultural factors such as family background, teaching skills and accessibility. Other theory like the individual difference theory also explains academic performance. Individual difference in academic performance has been linked to differences in intelligent and personality. Students with higher mental ability as demonstrated by IQ tests (quick learners) and those who are higher in conscientiousness (linked to effort and achievement motivation) tend to achieve highly in academic settings. A recent meta-analysis suggested that mental curiosity (as measured by typical intellectual engagement) has an important influence on academic performance in addition to intelligence and conscientiousness. The above frameworks portray a relationship between child labour and academic performance. LITERATURE REVIEW There is no single universally accepted definition of child labour. Child labour is regarded as a social construct which differs by actors, history, context and purpose (Weston, 2005). There are differences in what constitute child labour. For example, the World Bank describes child labour as a â€â€"serious threat‘ from the pointof view of the harm it can do to long term national investment (Weston, 2005). The ILO relates the phenomenon to the harm done to children by their current engagement in certain types of economic activity. UNICEF emphasizes that the issue goes way beyond the concerns of investment or its relation to economic activity, and includes several aspects of domestic work which conflicts with the best interest of the child (Huebler, 2006).There are many dimensions and views of the phenomenon but much emphasis will be placed on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and United Nations Children‘s Fund‘s (UNICEF) views on the subject. The UNICEF Concept and Definition of Child Labour UNICEF has expanded the ILO definition of child labour by emphasizing the importance of domestic work by children, that is, in addition to economic work. UNICEF defines child labour as follows: Children 5 -11 years engaged in any economic activity, or 28 hours or more domestic work per week; Children 12-14 years engaged in any economic activity (except light work for less than 14 hours per week), or 28 hours or more domestic work per week; Children 15-17 years engaged in any hazardous work. The UNICEF definition has the advantage of theoretically capturing all work that children do. The definition of UNICEF provides a good indicator of child labour that is harmful to a child’s physical or mental development. However, it is of limited value for an analysis of the trade -off between work and school attendance. The ILO Concept and Definition of Child Labour The ILO concept of child labour is derived from the ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 of 1973, which sets 15 years as the general minimum age for employment. Any work in violation of Convention No. 138 is considered illegal child labour that should be eliminated. ILO introduces a distinction between child work, which may be acceptable, and child labour, which needs to be eliminated. In this regard, four groups of children engaged in work/labour are identified: Children at work Children engaged in child labour, including all economically active children 5 to 11 years of age; economically active children aged 12 to 14 years, except those doing light work only for less than 14 hours per week; and, children aged 15 to 17 years engaged in any type of hazardous work. Children in hazardous work, that is, work that will likely harm the health, safety, or moral development of a child. In addition to children working in mines, construction or other hazardous activities, this group includes all children below 18 years of age who work 43 hours or more per week. Children in unconditional worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO Convention No. 182. This includes children in forced or bonded labour, armed conflict, prostitution and pornography, and illicit activities. There are two points to note in this view of the ILO. Firstly, the first group covers activities that might be regarded as positive from an ILO perspective. The second and third groups cover child labour that deserves to be eliminated, and the fourth group requires an urgent action for elimination. Children under five years of age who are not included in these four groups are generally considered too young to be working. Secondly, the ILO definition covers only economic activity, that is, work related to the production of goods and services. Domestic work – such as cooking, cleaning, or caring for children – is ignored. The major criticism of this definition is that it is narrow as it underestimates the burden of work on children, especially for girls, who are more likely than boys to perform work in a household (Gibbons, Huebler, and Loaiza, 2005). Operational Definition of Child Labour For the purpose of this study, child labour is defined as any activity, economic or non -economic, performed by a child, that is either too dangerous or hazardous and/or for which the child is too small to perform and that has the potential to negatively affect his/her health, education, moral and normal development. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE The variable academic performance could also be definition specific. For example from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Academic achievement or (academic) performance is the outcome of education — the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals. Academic achievement is commonly measured by examinations or continuous assessment but there is no general agreement on how it is best tested or which aspects are most important — procedural knowledge such as skills or declarative knowledge such as facts. In California, academic achievement is measured by the Academic Performance Index. However, in Ghana academic performance is measured by the record of marks or grades obtained after a test or an examinations. History of Child Labour Child labour is not a just discovered phenomenon. It has existed in every part of the world since ancient times. In more recent history, it emerged as an issue during the industrial revolution when children were forced to work in dangerous conditions for up to 12 hours a day. In 1860, 50% of children in England between the age of 5 and 15 years were working. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. In 1919, the world began to address the issue of child labour and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) adopted standards to eliminate it. Throughout the 20th Century, a number of legally binding agreements and international conventions were adopted but in spite of these, child labour continues to this day. The highest number of child labourers is in the Asia Pacific region but the largest percentage of children working, as proportion of the child population, is found in sub-Saharan Africa. Child labour is still common in some parts of the world, it can be factory work, mining, prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents’ business, having one’s own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters).In Ghana, which Madina is no exception, most child labour occurs in the informal sector, it includes selling many things on the streets and in market places such as; ice water, chewing gums, poly sacks, ―soboloâ€â€", door mats, kerosene, scrubs, etc. Causes of Child Labour Poverty is the main determinant of child labour supply, and that child labour significantly increases the income and the probability of survival of the family. Basu and Van (1998) argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental poverty. That being so, they caution against the use of a legislative ban against child labour, and argue that it should be used only when there is reason to believe that a ban on child labour will cause adult wages to rise and so compensate adequately the households of the poor children. The contribution of children is most of the time critical since children are sent to work when parents‘ earnings are insufficient to guarantee the survival of the family, or are insecure so that child labour is used as a means of minimizing the impact of possible job loss, failed harvest and other shocks on the family‘s income stream. Poor households also tend to have more children, and with large families there is a greater likelihood that children will work and have lower school attendance and completion. ILO (2006) observes that while poverty is almost always a context for the early entry of children into regular work and into child labour, poverty can also be a function of access to labour markets and income-raising activities, family members of working age not having appropriate skills to match market needs in the area where they live, family members low educational levels, unemployment in the area where the family lives, conflict, illness or natural disaster having taken away the breadwinner of the family leaving a dependent household with no-one to depend on.. Many children live in areas that do not have adequate school facilities, so they are compelled to work. Odonkor (2007) claims ―rural parents should rather be seen as people dissatisfied with the education system than as illiterates ignorant of the value of educationâ€â€". The results of a study conducted confirmed that because of the low quality of education, difficulties in access and also the uncertainty of finding an adequate job after graduation, parents have developed a coping strategy by which they send some of their children to school and the others help in fishing, farming or other economic activities. Where education is mandatory, available and understood as important, the proportion of child labour is lower. Poverty may not be the main cause but certainly an important cause that influences a lot in child labour. Why would a child prefer to get an education or go to school when staying in work can make him eat on that day? Or even worse, not even have the opportunity of choice between attending schools or work (UNICEF, 2008). EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOUR According to a research conducted by the ILO‘s 2002 global estimates on child labour, close to half of all working children are enrolled in school. Child labour interferes with education. Either school attendance is foregone in favour of work, or learning is inefficient, either because the children are not allowed to spend time doing their homework or because they are unable to pay proper attention in school because of fatigue (Canagarajah, & Nielsen, 1999). UNICEF‘s study in Ghana and a review of similar studies by the ILO have shown that work has a detrimental effect on learning achievements in the key areas of language and mathematics. Heady (2003) also found that working children in Ghana spent an average of one hour per week less in school. According to Gibbons et al (2003) child labour is associated with higher repetition and dropout rates. Child labour competes with school attendance and proficiency, children sent to work do not accumulate (or under-accumulate) human capital, missing the opportunity to enhance their productivity and future earnings capacity. This lowers the wage of their future families, and increases the probability of their offspring being sent to work. In this way poverty and child labour is passed on from generation to generation. Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. (ILO, 2006) demonstrate that early entry into the labour force reduces lifetime earnings by 13 -20 per cent, increasing significantly the probability of being poor later in life. There is a general agreement that some trade-off between children in labour and human capital accumulation takes place. With respect to school attendance and progress, full-time jobs have the worst impact on children‘s future productivity. Part-time jobs, especially those that are physically very demanding, also disrupt education since children are too tired to participate adequately at school activities or to study at home. The age of entry into the labour force is also important in this context: the younger the child enters the labour force, the less human capital he/she will be able to accumulate. Child labour seriously undermines efforts to provide children with the necessary st knowledge and skills to meet the challenges of the 21 Century. The long term effect of child labour on the nation is enor mous and need to be addressed. Efforts in addressing the problem of child labour Ghana‘s Labour Laws and Regulations prohibit child labour, putting the minimum age of employment at 15 in consonance with ILO Standards and Regulations. Ghana has also ratified the OAU Charter on the Rights of the Child. The Constitution guarantees the child in Ghana to be protected from engaging in any work that is considered injurious to his or her health, education and/or development. The Government enacted, in December 1998, the Children‘s Act, which seeks to protect the rights of children, including the right of education, health and shelter. The establishment of the Ghana National Commission on Children (GNCC) under the Ministry of Women and Children‘s Affairs (MOWAC) in 2001 was also to oversee the welfare and development of children, and to coordinate services which would aim at promoting the rights of the child. Poverty is considered a major determinant of child labour in Ghana. To lessen the effect of poverty on the Ghanaian child there was the need of policy interventions by the government. Over the years, Ghana has developed several poverty reduction strategies and one of such strategies is the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy for 2006 through 2009 (GPRS II) is to achieve ―the status of a middle-income economy by the year 2015 within a decentralized democratic environmentâ€â€" characterized by an increase in per capita income and an improvement in living standards (Republic of Ghana 2005:5). The GPRS II indicated that priority will be given to special programmes to combat the worst forms of child labour under which the government is implementing the Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) programme to support families to fight against child labour. To qualify for the LEAP programme, all the household children of school age should be enrolled in schools and that no child should be trafficked or is engaged in any of the worst forms of l abour. The ILO has been campaigning to end child labour since the organization was founded in 1919. The ILO doctrine on child labour states that labour carried out by children of 15 years or younger under conditions which stifle their physical, psychological and intellectual development must be eliminated. Today, the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) is the ILO’s main instrument on child labour. These conventions, applies to all sectors of economic activity. The ILO’s ongoing offensive against child labour includes a technical cooperation programme designed to help countries build up a permanent capacity to address the problem. Launched in 1992, the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) fosters the development of an effective partnership between government services, employers’ organizations, trade unions, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties including universities and members of the media. As early as 1921, the ILO passed the first Minimum Age Convention, the world has attempted to protect children‘s right to an education and to prevent any child labour which would prejudice their school attendance.(Gibbons et al, 2003). Since 1990, with the entry into force of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the child‘s right to be protected from ―any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child‘s educationâ€â€" (Article 32) and his or her right, on an equal, nondiscriminatory basis to ―primary education compulsory and available free to allâ€â€" (Article 28) have gained the status of internationally recognised norms, while imposing an obligation on the 192 states parties to the Convention to realise these rights for the children under their jurisdiction. In the year 2000, children were provided further protection through the entry into force of ILO Convention 182, which was ratified by 150 countries as of May 2004. Convention 182 prohibits the worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and similar practices; child prostitution and pornography; illicit activities (in particular the production and trafficking of drugs); and work that is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children. The International Labour Organization‘s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labour, which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide movement to combat child labour. IPEC currently has operations in 88 countries, with an annual expenditure on technical cooperation projects that reached over US$61 million in 2008. It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest single operational programme of the ILO. The number and range of IPEC‘s partners have expanded over the years and now include employers‘ and workers‘ organizations, other international and government agencies, private businesses, community-based organizations, NGOs, the media, parliamentarians, the judiciary, universities, religious groups and, of course, children and their families. All these interventions by government and NGOs are geared towards finding solutions to the child labour problem. Challenges in addressing the problem Firstly, assuming a successful reduction in child labour both in the formal and informal economy, this notion relies crucially on the fact that lower child labour means higher schooling, which is not at all automatic. According to UNICEF (2006), to succeed in eliminating child labour, schools must be available, accessible and affordable for poor families. Schools must be of sufficiently good quality, and the curricula must be of practical help for the children living in a specific region and condition. Most importantly, school should be a safe and healthy place where to send schildren. Unfortunately this is not the case in developing countries especially in Ghana and its inner cities like the study area. In the 2001 Ghana Child Labour Survey, in all the regions and for all age groups, the most frequent reason cited for non-attendance at school was nonaffordability by parents to cater for children. The next most frequently cited reasons were long distance of place of residence from school and children not being interested in school. Classrooms are often not available especially in the rural areas and city slums and where they exist they are not in good shape and therefore not conducive enough for academic work. Both parents and pupils need to see the fruits of education from those who have passed through the school system to serve as a source of motivation for those in school and those yet to enroll. Low returns to education have made education less attractive for many parents. This has especially been the case in rural areas, where formal education makes very little difference given limited formal sector opportunities and most skills are acquired by the â€Å"learning by doing† principle. Child labour is perceived as a process of socialization in many countries and it is believed that working enables a child to get acquainted with employable skills. Lessons from the Literature From the available literature it is evidently clear that the issue of child labour is real but the problem with it in Africa is the availability of reliable data spelling out the magnitude of the problem. Several factors account for child labour in our society and they include the following; poverty, single parenting, sheer ignorance on the part of some parents and socio-cultural beliefs. From the data reviewed, poverty has been a major determinant of child labour in Ghana and in most developing countries. The vast majority of the children are engaged in agricultural related activities. The problem in the developing world and Ghana in particular is more rural than urban. Some rural dwellers regard child labour as part of a training programme for children. Working children are also considered essential contributors to household incomes. However, our group attempts to translate or research further on how the phenomenon affects academic performance in Madina- a society which hosts two dominant Religions(Christianity and Islam) and heterogeneous as well The solution to the problem does not lie only in the enactment of laws but also in empowering individuals economically to be able to provide education to their children ( Basu, 1998). Human capital is one of the keys to reducing poverty. Education opens up opportunities for better health and better nutrition. This is because education normally leads to higher income and greater access to social benefits, as well as greater productivity. Indeed education is central to all aspects of the impact of population and poverty. Therefore, in trying to find a solution to the problem, there is the need for a multifaceted approach taking into consideration the religious and cultural backgrounds. REFERENCES Basu, K, (1998). Child Labour: Cause, Consequence and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards. Heady, C, (2000). ―What is the effect of child labour on learning achievement? Evidence from Ghana.† Innocenti Working Papers, no. 79. ILO, (2005). â€Å"Facts on Child Labour,†Geneva. Kumekpor, T.K.B, (2002). Research Methods and Techniques of Social Research, Son life Press and services Accra Republic of Ghana (1992). The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. UNICEF, (2004). The State of the World’s Children New York. .